RF linear accelerators for medical and industrial applications

RF Linear Accelerators for
Medical and Industrial Applications......Page 4
Contents......Page 8
1.1 Overview of Role of Accelerators in......Page 14
1.2 A Glance at the History of Accelerat......Page 15
1.2.1 Development of Electrostatic Accel......Page 17
1.2.2 Development of Circular Accelerato......Page 19
1.2.3 Development of RF Linear Accelerat......Page 21
1.3 Cancer Radiation Therapy......Page 23
1.4 Market for Industrial Accelerators......Page 24
1.4.3 Nondestructive Testing (NDT)......Page 25
References......Page 26
2 
Linac Basic Concepts and Constituents......Page 28
2.1 Fundamental Concepts and Definitions......Page 29
2.2 Coupled Accelerator Cavities......Page 34
2.3.1 Standing-Wave Linacs......Page 40
2.3.2 TW Linacs......Page 45
2.3.3 Bunching Mechanism......Page 47
2.4 Electron Gun Operation......Page 48
2.5 X-Ray Generation and Target Design......Page 50
2.5.2 X-Ray Target Design Requirements......Page 51
2.5.3 Target Design Approaches......Page 52
References......Page 53
3.1 Introduction—The Linac as a Source f......Page 56
3.2.1 Linac Vacuum System......Page 58
3.2.2 RF Vacuum Window......Page 59
3.2.3 Linac Water-Cooling System......Page 61
3.3 Radio Frequency (RF) System......Page 62
3.3.1 RF High-Power Sources......Page 63
3.3.2 RF Power Transmission Subsystems......Page 69
References......Page 73
4.1 Overview of Manufacturing Processes......Page 74
4.2 Material Requirements......Page 76
4.4 Chemical Cleaning......Page 78
4.5.1 Brazing......Page 79
4.5.2 Diffusion Bonding......Page 83
4.6 Tuning of Linacs......Page 84
4.7 Thermal Outgasing (Bake-Out)......Page 86
4.8 Electron Gun Activation......Page 87
4.9 High-Power RF Conditioning......Page 89
4.10 Linac’s Beam Tests and Test Bunkers......Page 91
4.12 Quality Systems in Linac Manufactur......Page 93
4.12.1 Examples of QC and QA Measures......Page 94
4.12.2 Examples of Statistical Process C......Page 97
4.13 Guidelines for Linac Buyers and Use......Page 99
References......Page 101
5.1 Basic Radiation Therapy Concepts and......Page 104
5.2.2 Cobalt Teletherapy......Page 108
5.3 Accelerator-Based Radiation Therapy......Page 110
5.4 The Medical Linac Requirements......Page 111
5.5.1 Clinical Requirements......Page 113
5.5.3 Dose Fractionation......Page 114
5.5.4 Rotational Therapy......Page 116
5.6 Conformal Radiation Therapy......Page 117
5.6.1 Multileaf Collimators (MLCs)......Page 118
5.6.2 Intensity-Modulated Radiation Ther......Page 119
5.6.3 Adaptive Radiation Therapy (ART)......Page 121
5.7.1 Need for IGRT and Treatment Verifi......Page 122
5.7.3 Electronic Portal Imaging Devices......Page 123
5.7.4 Tomotherapy......Page 125
5.7.5 Robotic Radiosurgery: CyberKnife......Page 127
5.8.1 Gamma Knife™  Radiosurgery......Page 128
5.9 Intraoperative Radiation Therapy......Page 130
5.10 Concluding Remarks......Page 131
References......Page 132
6.1 Use of Accelerators in Material Proc......Page 134
6.1.1 Electron Beam Current and Energy R......Page 135
6.1.2 Main Applications for Polymer EB C......Page 136
6.1.3 Industrial Material Processing Usi......Page 139
6.2.1 Medical Product Sterilization......Page 140
6.2.2 Electron Beam Food ProcessingIrrad......Page 142
6.2.3 Mechanism of Killing Pathogens......Page 143
6.3.1 Wastewater Treatment......Page 144
6.3.2 EB Treatment of Flue Gases—Reducti......Page 146
6.4 Nondestructive Testing......Page 148
6.5 Security and Inspection Applications......Page 150
6.5.1 Scanning Units......Page 151
6.5.2 Recent Advancements in Cargo Inspe......Page 153
6.6.1 Concept of Operation......Page 156
6.7 Concluding Remarks......Page 157
References......Page 158
7.1 Large Accelerator Facilities for Hig......Page 162
7.1.1 Linear Colliders......Page 163
7.1.2 Circular Colliders......Page 164
7.1.3 Use of Superconductivity in Large......Page 167
7.2.1 Synchrotron Storage Rings......Page 170
7.2.2 Wigglers and Undulators......Page 173
7.2.3 Examples of Synchrotron Radiation......Page 174
7.3 Cancer Particle Therapy......Page 176
7.3.1 Advantages of Particle Therapy......Page 177
7.3.2 Particle Therapy Circular Accelera......Page 179
References......Page 182
8 Recent Developments and Future Trends in......Page 186
8.1 Free-Electron Laser......Page 187
8.2.1 Neutron Spallation Sources......Page 189
8.2.2 The Spallation Neutron Source (SNS......Page 190
8.3 Plasma-Based Accelerators......Page 191
8.3.1 Basic Concept of PWFA......Page 192
8.4 Dielectric Wall Accelerators......Page 193
8.4.1 Basic Concept of DWA......Page 194
8.5 Concluding Remarks......Page 196
References......Page 197
Glossary......Page 200
About the Author......Page 206
Index......Page 208