Revolution and Its Past: Identities and Change in Modern Chinese History

Cover
Title
Dedication
Copyright
Contents
Preface
Notes on Pronunciation
List of Maps
Part 1 From the Heights to the Depths: Challenges to Traditional Chinese Identities, 1780–1901
	1 Identities
		History and Identity
		Associational Identities: Lineages and Families
		Associational Identities: Social Connections
		Associational Identities: Relations to the “Other”
		Spatial Identities: Native Place
		Spatial Identities: Village and Marketing Communities
		Spatial Identities: Macroregions and Provinces
		Suggestions for Further Reading
	2 Chinese and Manchus
		Patterns in the Early Qing
		Preserving a Manchu Identity
		Buying Into Chinese Culture
		Dealing with the Other
		Identity and Change: The Qianlong Emperor in the Late Eighteenth Century
		Identity Crisis
		Emerging Problems
		The Daoguang Emperor
		Suggestions for Further Reading
	3 The Opium War and the Treaty System: Challenges to Chinese Identity
		The Early Western Role
		China and the West: Mutual Perceptions
		Opium: The Problem and the War
		The Unequal Treaty System and Its Impact on Chinese Identity
		The Missionary and Cultural Imperialism
		Suggestions for Further Reading
	4 An Age of Rebellion: Defiance of and Commitments to Traditional Chinese Identities
		Traditional Rebellions
		The Taiping War (1851–1864): Attempting to Revolutionize Identity
		Guerrilla Warfare: The Nian Rebellion (1853–1868)
		Muslims versus Chinese: Clashes in Ethnic Identity
		Suggestions for Further Reading
	5 The Power of Traditional Cultural Identity: Chinese Reactions to Continuing Threats
		Unwilling to Change (or Holding to That Old-Time Identity)
		Self-Strengthening
		The Loss of Tributary States: Ryōkyō, Korea, and Vietnam
		The War with France and the Impact of Self-Strengthening
		Identity and Perception: The Roles of the Empress Dowager
		Suggestions for Further Reading
	6 The Devastating Nineties: Destroying Traditional Identities
		Ideology for Change: Kang Youwei’s Intellectual Bomb
		Political and Cultural Earthquake: Defeat by the “Dwarf People”
		A New Phase of Imperialism: Carving the Melon
		The Reform Movement and the Hundred Days: Clashing Identities
		The Boxer Catastrophe: Which Identity Now?
		Suggestions for Further Reading
Part 2 “No Checking the Tides of Change”: Reconstructing Social, Cultural, and Political Identity, 1901–1928
	7 Revolutionaries: Manchu and Anti-Manchu
		The Stirrings of a New China in Macroregional Cores
		The Manchu Reform Movement: Education
		The Manchu Reform Movement: Military Change
		The Manchu Reform Movement: Constitutionalism
		The Anti-Manchu Revolutionary Movement
		The 1911 Revolution
		Suggestions for Further Reading
	8 Selecting Identities: The Early Republic
		Legacies of the Revolution
		The Presidency of Yuan Shikai
		Capitalists to the Fore
		The Power of the Gun
		China Totters on the World Stage
		Suggestions for Further Reading
	9 Constructing a New Cultural Identity: The May Fourth Movement
		The New Culture Movement: “Down with Confucius and Sons”
		Language and Laboratories for a New Culture
		The May Fourth Incident and Its Aftermath
		Political Change First; Cultural Change Will Follow
		Cultural Change First; Political Change Will Follow
		Neotraditionalism
		The Historical Significance of the May Fourth Movement
		Suggestions for Further Reading
	10 Drawing the Sword of Opposition: Identity Increasingly Politicized
		The Birth of the Chinese Communist Party
		Giving the Guomindang a New Identity
		Things Fall Apart: Sun’s Death and the May 30th Movement
		The Beginning of Mass Mobilization
		The Emergence of Chiang Kai-shek and the Northern Expedition
		Suggestions for Further Reading
Part 3 Revolution and Identity: Social Revolution and the Power of Tradition, 1928–1960
	11 Revolution in Retreat: The Nanjing Decade
		Chiang Kai-shek
		Military Power, Party Factionalism, and Residual Warlordism
		Secrets of Chiang’s Ability to Retain Power
		Chiang’s Record
		Suggestions for Further Reading
	12 Revolution Reborn: The Communists in the 1930s
		The Party: “So Widely Scattered and So Badly Mauled”
		Finding Its Way: The Party’s Factions
		The Jiangxi Soviet
		The Other Soviets
		The Long March
		Building the Base at Yan’an
		Suggestions for Further Reading
	13 A Rising Clash of National Identities: China and Japan,The 1920s and 1930s
		A Case of Mistaken Identity
		Japanese Aggression Turns Manchuria into Manchukuo
		Japanese Aggression on the March
		The Xi’an Incident
		Marco Polo Bridge
		Suggestions for Further Reading
	14 The Sino–Japanese War, 1937–1945
		The War’s General Course: An Overview
		The Exodus
		Soldiers and the Military
		Collaboration
		Wartime Propaganda
		The United States and China in Wartime: Rough Sledding
		The Communists in Yan’an, 1942–1945
		Wartime Guomindang China
		Suggestions for Further Reading
	15 Toward Daybreak: Struggling for China’s Identity, 1945–1949
		The Situation at War’s End
		Economic Suicide
		Political Disaster
		Military Struggle
		Did Chiang Lose the War or Did Mao Win the War?
		Japan’s Colony, Taiwan
		Guomindang Relations with the Taiwanese: February 1947 and Its Impact
		Suggestions for Further Reading
	16 Paths to the Future
		The Structure of the Communist Party-State
		The East Is Red: The Hallmarks of the Communist Revolution
		At War with the United Nations: The Korean War
		The First Five-Year Plan (1953–1957)
		The Taiwan Model: Authoritarianism and Reform
		The Taiwan “Miracle”
		Suggestions for Further Reading
	17 Coming Unglued
		“Let a Hundred Flowers Bloom!” (Then Cut Them Down)
		The Great Leap Forward (and Backward)
		The Worst Famine in History
		The Sino–Soviet Split
		Crack-Up
		Suggestions for Further Reading
Part 4 From “Politics in Command” to the Glory of Getting Rich: Contemporary Change and Identity, 1961–2009
	18 Death Dance: The Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution
		Why?
		The Violently Radical Red Guard Phase, 1966–1969
		The Mystery of Lin Biao
		The Year of the Dragon
		Mao in Retrospect
		Suggestions for Further Reading
	19 Economics in Command: The End of Communism and the Flourishing of “Market Socialism”
		Socialism with a Chinese Face
		Opening the Window to the World
		The Expansion of Economic Reforms, 1990–2008
		Government Action in Dealing with the Impacts of Reforms
		Suggestions for Further Reading
	20 “One World, One Dream”: China’s New World
		Political Authoritarianism
		Nationalism and International Relations
		2008: Achievements and Problems
		Suggestions for Further Reading
	21 A Question of Identity: The Republic of China on Taiwan Since the 1970s
		Birth of a Democracy
		The Issue: The Relationship with the PRC
		From Economic Miracle to Economic Problems
		Diplomacy: Seeking Respect
		Society in Flux
		A Question of Identity
		Suggestions for Further Reading
Epilogue: The Issue of Human Rights
	Suggestions for Further Reading
Notes
Pronunciation Guide
Index
Credits