Reviews of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 193

Cover......Page 1
Reviews of
Environmental Contamination
and Toxicology
VOLUME 193......Page 2
Title Page
......Page 3
ISBN: 0387731628......Page 4
Foreword......Page 5
Preface......Page 7
Table of Contents......Page 10
I. Introduction......Page 11
II. Chlorinated Hydrocarbons as Key Environmental Pollutants......Page 14
III. Implementing Remediation Technologies for Organochlorine-Contaminated Sites......Page 18
A. Soil......Page 21
B. Groundwater......Page 23
IV. Definitions of an Integrated Approach......Page 26
B. Wastewater Treatment......Page 27
C. Characterization of Waste Streams......Page 29
V. Discussion......Page 30
Summary......Page 31
References......Page 32
I. Introduction......Page 40
A. Physicochemical Properties......Page 41
C. Mode of Toxic Action......Page 45
III. Methods of Analysis......Page 47
IV. Environmental Fate and Occurrence......Page 48
V. Photodegradation......Page 49
VI. Metabolism in Microorganisms, Plants, and Animals......Page 52
References......Page 57
Parameters for Carbamate Pesticide QSAR and PBPK/PD Models for Human Risk Assessment......Page 62
I. Introduction......Page 63
II. Nature of Carbamate Insecticides......Page 65
Phenylmethylcarbamates......Page 66
Multiple ring carbamates......Page 67
Oxime carbamates......Page 68
Acute oral toxicity......Page 69
Acute dermal toxicity......Page 70
III. QSAR Models for Predicting Biological Parameters Used in PBPK/PD Models......Page 71
A. Human Oral Bioavailability......Page 72
B. Toxicity Models......Page 73
D. Tissue:Blood Partition Coefficients......Page 75
History......Page 77
Dose–response, pharmacokinetic, and metabolism studies involving carbamate pesticides......Page 78
Partition coefficients from in vitro data......Page 80
Tissue : Blood Partition Coefficients from Mechanistic Models......Page 82
Selection of log Po:w and log Do:w Values for Use in Mechanistic Models......Page 84
Partition Coefficients for Carbamates and Metabolites......Page 87
Graphs of log DpH 7.4 vs. Adipose Tissue : Blood and Liver : Blood Partition Coefficients......Page 88
D. Glucuronidation and Transcellular Transport......Page 91
Cytochrome P450s......Page 92
In Vitro Metabolism of Aldicarb, Carbaryl, and Carbofuran by Human and Rat Liver Microsomes and Individual CYPs......Page 93
Hydrolysis of Carbamates by CaEs......Page 95
Aldicarb......Page 96
Carbaryl......Page 97
Carbofuran......Page 98
Methiocarb......Page 99
Methomyl......Page 100
Pirimicarb......Page 101
Propoxur......Page 102
G. Response: In Vivo antiChE activity......Page 103
Carbaryl......Page 104
Oxamyl......Page 105
Thiodicarb......Page 106
AChE......Page 107
BChE......Page 110
B. AChE, BChE, and CaE Substrate Selectivities (Activity in Crude Tissue Preparations, Concentrations in Tissues, and Effects of Tetramer on Active Sites and Purififi cation)......Page 111
Determination of AChE, BChE and CaE in crude tissue preparations......Page 112
Active sites, a measure of B-esterase concentrations in tissue......Page 113
Purification of AChE, BChE, and CaE......Page 117
A. Hydrolysis of Substrates......Page 118
Acylation/hydrolysis, AChE, BChE, and CaE......Page 119
Kinetic activity of AChE, BChE, and CaE......Page 120
Inhibition of more than one form of enzyme......Page 121
Decarbamylation of Inhibited Molecular Forms, First-Order Rate Constant......Page 122
C. Bimolecular Rate Inhibition Constants, ki, for the Ten Carbamates......Page 123
Carbaryl-AChE and BChE Inhibition......Page 125
Methiocarb-AChE and BChE Inhibition......Page 126
VII. Discussion......Page 127
Summary......Page 131
References......Page 132
Appendix A: Chemical structures, physical parameters, and tissue: partition coefficients of parent carbamates and metabolites.......Page 151
Appendix B. Metabolic Pathways and Preliminary Metabolic Rate Constants (Vmax, Km) for the Metabolism of Parent Carbamates and Metabolites.......Page 196
Appendix C. Physiological model for aldicarb depicting its metabolic pathway.......Page 216
i. Acronyms and Abbreviations......Page 217
ii. Chemical and Mathematical Expressions......Page 219
I. Introduction......Page 222
II. Production and Use......Page 224
A. Air, Water, Sediments, and Soils......Page 225
B. Biological Samples......Page 239
C. Foodstuffs......Page 251
D. Human Exposure......Page 252
E. Dioxin Contamination......Page 253
A. Transport Behavior in Tropical Environments......Page 278
B. Bioaccumulation in Biota......Page 281
V. Temporal Trends......Page 282
VI. Environmental and Human Health Implications......Page 286
VII. Conclusions and Recommendations......Page 291
Acknowledgments......Page 293
References......Page 294
Index......Page 300