Reviews in Food and Nutrition Toxicity, Volume 4 (Reviews in Food and Nutrition)

Front cover......Page 1
Preface......Page 6
Editors......Page 8
Contributors......Page 10
Table of Contents......Page 12
Heavy Metals in Breast Milk: Implications for Toxicity......Page 14
Introduction......Page 15
Sources of Heavy Metals and Transfer in the Environment......Page 16
Exposure Routes and Biological Half-Life......Page 17
Exogenous and Endogenous Sources......Page 18
The Process of Milk Production......Page 20
Transfer of Heavy Metals into Milk......Page 21
Lead......Page 22
Cadmium......Page 26
Factors Influencing Milk Metal Contents......Page 27
Cadmium......Page 28
Toxicological Implications......Page 29
Mercury......Page 30
Lead......Page 32
Exposure Guidelines......Page 33
Conclusions......Page 34
References......Page 35
Selenium Toxicity and Its Adverse Health Effects......Page 42
Introduction......Page 43
Selenium Chemical and Physical Properties......Page 44
Selenium in the Environment......Page 45
Selenium Metabolism and Bioavailability......Page 46
Toxicity of Selenium Compounds......Page 48
Selenium Toxicity in Animals......Page 49
Neurological Effects......Page 50
Toxicity from High Dietary Selenium Intake......Page 51
Death from Selenium Ingestion......Page 52
Mechanisms of Selenium Toxicity......Page 54
Assessment of Biomarkers for Selenium Status in Humans......Page 55
Conclusions......Page 59
References......Page 60
Arsenic in Fish: Implications for Human Toxicity......Page 70
Introduction......Page 71
Origin of Arsenic in Fish and Shellfish......Page 72
Chemical Forms of Arsenic in Fish and Shellfish......Page 73
Arsenic Concentrations in Fish and Shellfish......Page 78
Fate of Ingested Organic Arsenic......Page 83
Fate of Ingested Inorganic Arsenic......Page 84
Concentrations vs. Legal Limits......Page 87
Additional Cautions......Page 88
Dose-Response Assessments......Page 89
References......Page 90
Biological and Toxicological Considerations of Dietary Sulfur......Page 98
Properties of Elemental Sulfur......Page 99
Occurrence of Sulfur in Nature......Page 101
Global Cycle......Page 102
Biological Role of Sulfur......Page 104
Sulfur Metabolism......Page 105
Sulfur Deficiencies......Page 106
Toxicity Due to SO2......Page 107
SO2-Sensitive Subjects......Page 108
Pathogenesis of SO2-Linked Toxicity......Page 109
Toxicity of Secondary Origin (Sulfur Metabolism)......Page 111
References......Page 113
Fluoride - Toxic and Pathologic Aspects: Review of Current Literature on Some Aspects of Fluoride Toxicity......Page 118
Introduction and Background......Page 119
Exposure......Page 120
Fluoride Compounds Used to Fluoridate Water......Page 125
Acute Toxicity......Page 127
Dental Effects......Page 128
Skeletal Effects......Page 130
Hormonal Effects......Page 131
Correlation with Decreased Fertility in Humans......Page 132
Correlation with Male Reproduction and Male Offspring......Page 133
Correlation with Female Reproduction......Page 142
Animal Studies......Page 145
References......Page 147
Bacterial Contamination of Ready-to-Eat Foods: Concern for Human Toxicity......Page 156
Food-Borne Disease Outbreaks and Ready-to-Eat Foods......Page 157
Microbiological Quality of Ready-to-Eat Food Products......Page 159
Bacillus cereus......Page 160
Escherichia coli and Coliforms......Page 164
Listeria monocytogenes......Page 167
Salmonella spp.......Page 168
Staphylococcus aureus......Page 171
Risk Assessment and Food-Borne Microorganisms......Page 172
Improvement of Microbiological Quality of RTE Foods through HACCP......Page 174
Conclusions......Page 176
References......Page 177
T-2 Mycotoxin in the Diet and Its Effects on Tissues......Page 186
Introduction......Page 188
Contemporary and Historical T-2 Toxin Outbreaks......Page 189
Structure of T-2 Toxin......Page 190
Modes of Action of T-2 Toxin......Page 191
Toxicity of T-2 Toxin......Page 193
Occurrence of Mycotoxins in Food and Feed......Page 194
Effect on DNA and Chromosomal Abnormalities......Page 196
Effect of T-2 Toxin on the Circulatory System......Page 197
Effect of T-2 Toxin on Skin......Page 201
Effect of T-2 Toxin on Liver and Spleen......Page 202
Effect of T-2 Toxin on the Gastrointestinal Tract......Page 203
Effect of T-2 Toxin on the Brain and Neurotransmitters......Page 204
Effect of T-2 Toxin on Lipid Peroxidation......Page 206
Immunomodulation of T-2 Toxin......Page 208
Effect of T-2 Toxin on Humoral Immunity......Page 210
T-2 Toxic Effects on Cellular Immunity......Page 211
Effect of T-2 Toxin on Host Resistance to Pathogens......Page 212
Relation between T-2 Toxin and Apoptosis......Page 214
Is T-2 Toxin a Carcinogen?......Page 216
References......Page 217
Aflatoxin B1 and Cell Cycle Perturbation......Page 226
Introduction......Page 227
AFB1 CytoTOxicity on Human Cell Lines......Page 229
AFB1 and Cell Cycle Progression: Inhibitory Proteins p53, p21, and p27......Page 235
Inactivation of INK4/ARF Locus and AFB1 Carcinogenetic Action......Page 238
Epigenetic Events in AFB1 Carcinogenesis: Hypermethylation of Specific Genes......Page 239
References......Page 241
Cycad Consumption and Neurological Disease......Page 246
Introduction......Page 248
Cycad Phylogeny and Taxonomy......Page 249
Cycad Products as a Food Source......Page 251
Processing Cycad Seeds......Page 252
Clinical Features of ALS-PDC......Page 253
Neuropathology of ALS-PDC......Page 255
Etiology of ALS-PDC......Page 258
Searching for Cycad’s Toxins......Page 259
“Slow Neurotoxin” Theory......Page 260
Sterol Glucosides: Causal Agents in the Development of ALS-PDC?......Page 262
Consumption of Cycad by Other Species (Natural and Experimental)......Page 265
Behavioral and Neuropathological Features of ALS-PDC in Mice......Page 267
Validity and the “Four Dimensions” of Our Model......Page 272
The “Time Course” Project......Page 273
Sex, Age, and Genetics: Important Variables......Page 274
Acknowledgments......Page 276
References......Page 277
Dietary Lectins and the Immune Response......Page 284
Introduction......Page 285
Lectins in the Human Diet......Page 286
Toxicity and Biological Effects of Lectins in Foods......Page 287
Mitogenicity of Plant Lectins......Page 289
Immunomodulatory Effects of Plant Lectins......Page 290
Gut-Associated Lymphoid Tissue and Oral Tolerance......Page 291
Generation of Specific Antilectin Immune Responses......Page 293
General Immunomodulatory Effects......Page 296
Involvement in the Initiation of IgE-Mediated Allergy......Page 298
Involvement in Other Immunologic Diseases......Page 300
Conclusion......Page 301
References......Page 302
B......Page 310
D......Page 311
G......Page 312
I......Page 313
M......Page 314
R......Page 315
T......Page 316
Z......Page 317