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Reverse osmosis a practical guide for industrial users

ویرایش:  
نویسندگان: Wes Byrne.  
سری:  
 
ناشر:  
سال نشر:  
تعداد صفحات: [238] 
زبان: English 
فرمت فایل : PDF (درصورت درخواست کاربر به PDF، EPUB یا AZW3 تبدیل می شود) 
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1995—462c. Library of Congress Catalog Card Number: 95-60061 ISBN 0-927188-03-1 FIRST EDITION COPYRIGHTS by TALL OAKS PUBLISHING, INC. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED Neither this book, nor any part of it, may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, microfilming, and recording, or by any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher.
TALL OAKS PUBLISHING, INC.
P.O. Box 621669 Littleton, CO 80162 U.S.A.
303/973-6700
PRINTED IN THE USA
The superficially apparent simplicity of reverse osmosis (RO) as a technology has attracted numerous companies to the business of RO system manufacturing. Some companies have prospered, whereas many have fallen by the wayside. Frequently, this situation has resulted in the manufacturing of inferior RO equipment. Even more frequently, it has resulted in poor technical support being available for the operators of these systems.
The intent of this book is to assist RO system manufacturers and endusers in better understanding the technology of reverse osmosis. It is my hope that this will enable manufacturers to build more reliable equipment, system operators to run their systems more efficiently, and problems to be more quickly resolved.
As stated in the title, the emphasis of this book is to provide support for users and manufacturers as a practical guide to reverse osmosis. The discussion of RO theory will be limited. The book covers the basics so as to assist those new to RO. It also covers many of the subtleties of the design and maintenance of RO that are commonly overlooked even by experienced engineers and technicians.
This book is written about industrial systems in certain applications, chosen to cover common situations and basic concerns related to the application of reverse osmosis. The concepts discussed are comprehensive; therefore, the book should be of value to anyone who works with RO systems.
REVERSE OSMOSIS THEORY.
Introduction
Reverse Osmosis Theory.
Osmotic Pressure.
Reverse Osmosis Design.
Investigation of Design Conditions.
Specific Analyses
Silt density index (SDI)
The SDI Procedure
Turbidity
Zeta potential
Streaming current detector
Water Chemistry
RO System Permeate Recovery
Optimizing RO permeate recovery.
Concentrate recycle.
Additional staging
RO SYSTEM DESIGN.
Components Design
Membrane element housing (pressure vessel) length
RO structural frame.
Piping materials and design.
Array design
Desired permeate flowrate.
Desired membrane driving pressure.
Number of membrane elements.
Actual individual element permeate flowrate
Minimum concentrate flowrate
Allocation of housings
Actual membrane pressure .
Temperature correction factor.
Average osmotic pressure
Hydraulic differential pressure.
Permeate pressure.
Calculating the actual membrane pressure
Calculating with temperature correction factor
Calculating the average osmotic pressure
Calculating the hydraulic differential pressure
Calculating the permeate pressure.
Choosing the high-pressure pump.
Brake horsepower
Predicting Permeate Quality .
Operating and Capital Equipment Costs
Power
Chemical injection
Cartridge prefilters
Membrane replacement
Water and sewage charges.
Cleaning chemicals.
Maintenance labor
RO PRETREATMENT.
Membrane Compatibility.
Cellulose acetate membrane compatibility.
pH control for reduction of hydrolysis
Compound X.
Study at the Yuma Desalting Facility
Chlorine removal with PA membrane
Prevention of Scale Formation
Calculating the potential for scale formation
Estimating salt concentrations in the RO concentrate.
Calcium carbonate.
Langelier saturation index
Stiff and Davis stability index.
Preventing calcium carbonate precipitation
Solubility product
Silica solubility.
Acid injection.
Estimating acid concentrations for pH adjustments
Scale inhibition and dispersion
Location of injection point.
Over-injection of inhibitor
Comparison of scale inhibitors
Day tank maintenance
Water softening
Regeneration
Softener maintenance
Colloid stabilization.
Removal of residual cationic coagulant
Acid-regenerated softening
Fouling Control
Media filtration
Manganese greensand or Birm filters.
Coagulation aids.
Activated carbon filtration
Suspended solids removal
Trihalomethane removal by activated carbon
Adsorption capacity.
Reaction between chlorine or chloramines and GAC
Backwashing of an activated carbon filter.
Specifications for activated carbon.
Cartridge prefilters.
Ultrafiltration
Control of biological fouling
Iron bacteria.
Ultraviolet light sanitization
Peracetic acid
Continuous injection of peracetic acid.
RELATED WATER TREATMENT EQUIPMENT
Pressure Filter Design
Lateral design 1 .
Steel pressure vessels
Tank linings.
Coding of vessels
Skid mounting
Temperature Control/Heat Exchangers.
Chemical Injection Pumps
Degasifiers
Vacuum degasifiers
Storage Tanks
Storage tank sizing
Piping Distribution Systems.
Pressure Drop Calculation.
RO MAINTENANCE.
Instrumentation and Monitoring
Daily monitoring of key parameters.
Pretreatment equipment:
Media filter inlet/outlet pressure.
Media filter pressure drop.
Effluent chlorine
Softener regeneration
Softener effluent hardness.
Prefilter inlet/outlet pressure
Prefilter pressure drop
Silt density index.
Water temperature
Water pH.
Reverse osmosis system: .
RO hour meter
RO membrane pressure.
RO concentrate pressure
RO pressure drop.
RO permeate flow.
RO concentrate flow
RO permeate recovery.
RO recycle flow
RO normalized permeate.
RO feed TDS
RO permeate TDS
RO percentage of salt rejection
Weekly/monthly monitoring of key parameters
Concentrate concentration
Individual housing permeate concentration
Individual housing permeate flowrate.
Interstage pressures.
Calibration.
pH meters.
Flowmeters
Conductivity meters.
Pressure gauges.
Data normalization.
Salt rejection
Rejection of individual ions
Hydraulic pressure differential
Normalized permeate flowrate.
Membrane pressure.
Permeate pressure.
Osmotic pressure
Temperature correction factor.
Graphing
Cleaning Cleaning frequency.
Different cleaners for different foulants
Inorganic scale.
Carbonate scale
Sulfate scale
Iron
Silica
Organic foulants.
Biological foulants
Iron bacteria.
Cleaning solutions:.
CA membrane acidic cleaning solution.
PA membrane acidic cleaning solution.
CA membrane alkaline cleaning solution.
PA membrane alkaline cleaning solution.
Cleaning frequency.
Proprietary cleaning solutions.
Examples of membrane fouling.
Cleaning procedure.
RO cleaning skid design.
Recommended cleaning flowrate and solution volume
RO cleaning directions
RO system sanitization.
Extended RO shutdowns
Membrane rejuvenation
Colloid 189 membrane surface treatment procedure .
PVME and tannic acid treatment procedure
Off-site element cleaning and rejuvenation
RO and pretreatment system installation and start-up
Coordinating the start-up
Leak testing.
Electrical connections.
System sanitization
Media filters
Cartridge filter housings
Chemical injection pumps.
Removal of old spiral-wound membrane elements
Calibration/verification of the RO instrument readings.
Loading of new membrane elements.
Filling the RO systems.
Checking high-pressure pump rotation.
Starting the RO system.
Data collection
TROUBLESHOOTING RO SYSTEMS.
Isolating the Location of a Decline in Salt Rejection
Check instrument calibrations
Conductivity and percent-salt-rejection meters
Flowmeters
Pressure sensors
pH .
Temperature.
Isolate the location of the rejection decline.
Check the individual housing TDS values
Probe the housing (in spiral-wound systems).
Individually test the membrane elements.
Causes and Prevention of Front-End Salt Rejection Decline.
Causes of lead end rejection decline.
Excessive acid introduction.
Oxidative attack in PA membrane.
Hydraulic imbalances
Heat exchanger inadequacies.
Compound X degradation
Front-end rejection decline
Causes and Prevention of Tail End Rejection Decline
System recovery too high.
Extreme fouling or scaling.
Feed pH too high
Excessive bacteria.
Waste backing up the concentrate stream .
Tail end rejection decline.
Causes and Prevention of Isolated and Uniform Salt Rejection Decline
Causes of isolated rejection decline.
O-ring or brine seal damage.
Excessive permeate pressure.
Bacteria attack.
Manifold obstruction
System draining when shut down
RO element manufacturing problem
Elements moved from their original position
Causes of uniform rejection decline
Oxidizing agents
Exposure to direct sunlight.
Heat exchanger leaks
Cleaning mistakes .
Severe membrane deterioration or multiple problems.
Causes and Prevention of an Increase in Differential Pressure.
Front-end increase in differential pressure
Bypass in cartridge filters
Pretreatment media filter breakthrough.
Pump impeller deterioration
Telescoping
Tail end increase in differential pressure.
Insufficient scale inhibitor.
System recovery too high.
Random increase in differential pressure.
Brine seal damage
Contaminated cleaning skid.
Biological fouling.
Uniform increase in differential pressure
Leaking valves.
Unresolved concerns
Testing suspect elements.
Summary of troubleshooting steps for loss of rejection.
Analytical Methods for RO Troubleshooting.
Visual inspection
Dissolution in acid
Dye test
Optical microscopy.
Reverse osmosis
Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR).
Scanning electron microscopy with X-ray diffraction
Obtaining analytical services
PRELIMINARY STUDIES FOR SPECIALTY APPLICATIONS
Researching the Desired Application.
Membrane and system component capability.
Desired membrane rejection characteristics.
Acceptable or controllable fouling/scale potential.
Desired solute concentration and osmotic pressure
Bench Test .
Pilot Study
Pilot study test parameters
Phase I - Initial RO performance evaluation
Solute rejection.
Solute osmotic pressure
Phase II - RO maintenance evaluation
Phase III - Optimizing RO recovery.
Phase IV - Long-term RO performance
Phase V - Reducing RO cleaning frequency.
Scaling Up from the Pilot System
Solvent Recovery Using RO.
Two-Pass RO Design
SPECIAL APPLICATIONS
Reverse Osmosis as Deionized Water Final Filtration
Cartridge filters.
Improvements in RO manufacturing techniques
Maintenance.
Summary
Metal-Recovery Applications.
Nickel .
Nickel-recovery application history.
Polyamide membrane elements.
Reverse osmosis pretreatment
Cleaning .
Water temperature control.
Nickel-recovery RO cost comparison
Power
Cartridge prefilters.
Membrane replacement.
Cleaning chemicals and hauling.
Maintenance labor
Hydroxide precipitation operating cost.
Makeup nickel salts
Sludge hauling.
Caustic (sodium hydroxide) expense.
Water and sewer
Labor .
Chromic Acid .
Case study
Chrome-recovery system design.
Summary
Oily Waste Water
Case study
System operation
Sugar and Juice Concentration.
Fruit juice concentration.
Concentration of maple syrup
Recovery of second-press apple juice
Countercurrent RO for sugar solutions.
Biological control
Specialty membranes for the food industry.
Concentrating olive waste water.
Seawater Desalination.
Pretreatment
Posttreatment.
Corrosion
Quality of produced water.
Instrumentation
Maintenance.
Energy recovery.
Reverse Osmosis Technology for Pharmaceutical Water New pharmaceutical guidelines for water
System design.
Pretreatment .
Softening.
Chlorine removal
Reverse osmosis.
Storage.
Distribution
Cleaning
Validation .
ConclusinBIOLOGICAL FOULING.
Background
Cost of Membrane Biofouling at Water Factory
Description of Water Factory
Description of 5.0-mgd RO Facility.
RO System Performance
Chemical Analyses of Foulants
Chemical and Microbiological Properties of the RO Feedwater
Electron Microscopy of RO Biofilms.
Bacterial Enumeration and Identification.
Rate of Biofilm Formation and the Effect of Chlorination.
Evaluation of Cleaning Solutions in Removal of Biofilm.
Concluding Remarks.
COMPUTER PROGRAMS.
RO Data Normalization and Graphing.
RO Permeate Projection and Scaling Potential.
RO Array Design
RO Array Performance.
Predicting Pressure Drop in Piping.
APPENDIX:
Molecular weights and CaC03 conversions
Periodic table of elements.
Temperature correction factors for membranes.
Common Conversion factors
Membrane Maintenance.
Bibliography
Subject Index .

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