Rethinking innovation for a sustainable ocean economy.

Foreword
Acknowledgements
Abbreviations and acronyms
Executive summary
1.  Overall assessment and recommendations
	1.1. The crucial role of innovative approaches for a sustainable ocean economy
		1.1.1. A conducive policy context to test new approaches
		1.1.2. Summary of the fresh approaches proposed in this report
	1.2. Encourage innovation that produces win-win outcomes for ocean business and the ocean environment
		1.2.1. Recent acceleration of research interests in ocean-related innovations and their applications
		1.2.2. Innovations that may foster both ocean-based economic development and environmental sustainability
			Innovations in marine sectors are science-led and often interconnected
			The economic stakes for ocean economy innovations are high
			The benefits to marine ecosystems could be significant but are still hard to quantify
			Future development may be constrained by gaps in scientific knowledge
		1.2.3. Next steps
	1.3. Seek ways to nourish the vitality of ocean economy innovation networks
		1.3.1. Features of ocean economy innovation networks
		1.3.2. Well-run innovation networks generate a range of benefits for the ocean economy and beyond
		1.3.3. Next steps
	1.4. Support pioneering initiatives to improve measurement of the ocean economy
		1.4.1. Measuring and monitoring ocean-based industries
			Issues preventing consistent measurements of the ocean economy
			Ocean economy satellite accounts offer a way forward
			Next steps
		1.4.2. Measuring and monitoring marine ecosystems
			Satellite accounts offer a way forward here too
			But accounting for marine ecosystem services remains a work-in-progress
			Next steps
		1.4.3. Measuring and monitoring the benefits of sustained ocean observation
			Tracking the benefits of ocean observations
			Next steps
	References
2.  Science and technology enabling economic growth  and ecosystems preservation
	2.1. Recent developments in science and technology
		2.1.1. Ocean-sustainability challenges that science needs to address
		2.1.2. Selected trends in ocean science and technology
		2.1.3. Introducing the four case studies
	2.2. Case Study 1: Innovation in floating offshore wind energy
		2.2.1. The economic and environmental issues at stake
		2.2.2. Developments in research and technology
			Improved siting of turbines
			Improved construction materials and methods
			New designs
			Monitoring, inspection, maintenance and repair
		2.2.3. Challenges facing floating wind technology
		2.2.4.  Impacts on the environment and marine ecosystems
		2.2.5. Concluding observations
	2.3. Case Study 2: Marine invasive alien species and ballast water treatment
		2.3.1. The economic and environmental issues at stake
		2.3.2. Current state of regulation
		2.3.3. Current state and future development of ballast water treatment technologies
		2.3.4. Estimating economic costs and benefits
		2.3.5. Concluding observations
	2.4. Case Study 3: Innovation in marine aquaculture
		2.4.1. The economic and environmental issues at stake
		2.4.2. Innovations in the pipeline
			Aquaculture site selection and area-wide assessment
			Breeding
			Feed
			Waste treatment
			Disease control and treatment
			a) Breeding for greater disease resistance
			b) Prevention
			c) Monitoring and detection:
			d) Treatment
			Offshore aquaculture engineering and operations
		2.4.3. Concluding observations
	2.5. Case Study 4: From rigs and renewable energy infrastructure to reefs
		2.5.1. The economic and environmental issues at stake
		2.5.2. Converting oil and gas platforms into artificial reefs
			Assessing the ecosystem benefits of rig-to-reef programmes
			A growing role for science in assessing suitability for rig conversion
		2.5.3. From offshore wind platforms to reefs
		2.5.4. Concluding observations
	Notes
	References
3.  Innovation networks in the ocean economy
	3.1. What are ocean economy innovation networks?
		3.1.1. Introducing the concept of innovation networks
		3.1.2. Collaboration in the ocean economy via innovation networks
	3.2. Presenting the ten selected innovation networks
		3.2.1. Structural characteristics of the surveyed innovation network centres and their operations
			Sources of funding
			Governance structure
			Roles of the innovation network centre
		3.2.2. Innovation focus areas
		3.2.3. Issues concerning knowledge sharing and appropriation
	3.3. The benefits associated with ocean economy innovation networks
		3.3.1. Evaluating innovation networks
		3.3.2. Benefits for stakeholders involved in ocean economy innovation networks
			Co-ordinated approach to ocean research and development across stakeholder communities, and improved cross-sector synergies
			Facilitation of access to suitable research facilities and specialised knowledge
			Support for start-ups and SMEs in the ocean economy
		3.3.3. Wider benefits associated with ocean economy innovation networks
			Ocean economy innovation networks’ contribution to building scientific capacity and to investing in skills and knowledge for the future
			Ocean economy innovation networks’ contribution to knowledge diffusion beyond the ocean economy
			Ocean economy innovation networks’ contribution to sustainable economic activity
	3.4. How to ensure that innovation networks have positive impacts
		3.4.1. The challenges faced by ocean economy innovation networks
			1. Taking advantage of the opportunities of a growing ocean economy
			2. Responding to the growing pains of collaboration
			3. Balancing commercial potential and opportunities for more research
			4. Maintaining a culture of innovation in the network
		3.4.2. Policy options to address ocean economy innovation networks
			1. Assess the performance and evaluate the impacts of innovation networks
			2. Orientate regulation towards innovation
			3. Consider increased support for technologies in later stages of development
			4. Invest in or remove barriers to accessing test facilities and demonstration sites
			5. Consider the role that alternative sources of finance may play in innovation networks
			6. Provide long-term road maps to boost certainty
	3.5. The way forward
	Notes
	References
4.  Innovative approaches to measuring the ocean economy
	4.1. Measuring the ocean economy in new ways
	4.2. The starting point for new measurement: finding the right balance between economic activities and the environment
		4.2.1. The concept of the ocean economy
		4.2.2. Measuring ocean economic activities
		4.2.3. Valuing marine ecosystems
			The methodological context for valuing marine ecosystems
			National level marine ecosystem assessments
		4.2.4. Summarising the challenges
	4.3. Linking the ocean economy with the system of national accounts
		4.3.1. What are national accounts?
		4.3.2. A focus on the accounting approach for measuring the marine environment
		4.3.3. Moving forward with ocean economy satellite accounts
	4.4. Quantifying the contribution of sustained ocean observation to the ocean economy
		4.4.1. The crucial role of science for ocean observations
		4.4.2. Mapping the applications and types of users of ocean observations
		4.4.3. Economic and societal benefits from ocean observations
		4.4.4. The next steps in valuing sustained ocean observations
			Annex 4.A. Ocean economic activities and international classifications
		Basics about classifications and ocean-based industries
		Using current industrial classifications
			Annex 4.B. Selected national and regional-level ocean economy measurements
		Canada
		China
		Denmark
		European Commission
		France
		Grenada
		Ireland
		Italy
		Korea
		Norway
		Portugal
		United States of America
	References
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