Restoration and Management of Lakes and Reservoirs

Front cover......Page 1
Preface......Page 6
BOOK COVER Photo CREDITS......Page 8
Authors......Page 10
Contents......Page 12
Overview......Page 22
1.1 The Hydrologic Cycle and the Quantity of Fresh Water......Page 24
1.2 Status of Fresh Water in the United States......Page 28
1.3 Sources of Lake and Reservoir Problems......Page 32
1.4 Restoration and Management of Lakes and Reservoirs......Page 34
1.5 History of Lake Restoration and Management......Page 36
References......Page 38
2.2 Lakes and Reservoirs......Page 44
2.3.1 Physical-Chemical Limnology......Page 47
2.4 Biological Limnology......Page 49
2.5 Limiting Factors......Page 51
2.6 The Eutrophication Process......Page 52
2.7 Characteristics of Shallow and Deep Lakes......Page 54
2.8 Ecoregions and Attainable Lake Conditions......Page 55
References......Page 62
3.2.1 Watershed......Page 68
3.2.2 In-Lake......Page 74
3.2.3 Data Evaluation......Page 78
3.2.3.1 Example 1......Page 91
3.2.3.2 Example 2......Page 92
3.3.3.2 P Inactivation......Page 94
3.3.4 Macrophyte Problems......Page 95
3.3.4.6 Hypolimnetic Aeration......Page 96
3.5 Guidelines for Choosing Lake Restoration Alternatives......Page 97
3.6 The Lake Improvement Restoration Plan......Page 99
References......Page 101
Algal Biomass Control Techniques Directed toward Control of Plankton Algae......Page 108
References......Page 109
4.1 General......Page 110
4.2 Techniques for Reducing External Nutrient Loads......Page 111
4.3 Recovery of World Lakes......Page 112
4.4 Lake Washington, Washington......Page 116
4.5 Lake Sammamish, Washington......Page 119
4.6 Lake Norrviken, Sweden......Page 121
4.7 Shagawa Lake, Minnesota......Page 122
4.8 Madison Lakes, Wisconsin......Page 124
4.8 Lake Zürich, Switzerland......Page 125
4.9 Lake Søbygaard, Denmark......Page 126
4.10 Costs......Page 127
4.11 In-Lake Treatment Following Diversion......Page 128
4.12 Summary......Page 129
References......Page 130
5.1 Introduction......Page 134
5.2 In-Stream Phosphorus Removal......Page 135
5.3 non-point Nutrient Source Controls: Introduction......Page 137
5.4 non-point Source Controls: Manure Management......Page 140
5.5.2 Dry And Wet Extended Detention (ED) Ponds......Page 143
5.5.3 Constructed Wetlands......Page 145
5.6 Constructed Wetlands: Case Histories......Page 148
5.7 Pre-Dams......Page 151
5.8 Riparian Zone Rehabilitation: Introduction......Page 152
5.9 Riparian Zone Rehabilitaton Methods......Page 153
5.10 Reservoir Shoreline Rehabilitation......Page 156
5.11 Lakeshore Rehabilitation......Page 158
References......Page 161
6.1 Introduction......Page 170
6.2 Theory and Predictions......Page 171
6.3 Case Studies......Page 172
6.3.1 Moses Lake......Page 173
6.3.2 Green Lake......Page 179
6.3.3 Lake Veluwe......Page 181
6.4 Summary: Effects, Applications, and Precautions......Page 182
References......Page 183
7.1 Introduction......Page 186
7.2.1 General Trends......Page 188
7.2.1.2 Austrian Lakes......Page 191
7.2.1.3 U.S. Lakes......Page 192
7.2.1.4 Canada......Page 193
7.5 Summary......Page 194
References......Page 195
8.1 Introduction......Page 198
8.2.1 Aluminum......Page 199
8.2.2 Iron and Calcium......Page 201
8.3.1 Aluminum......Page 203
8.3.3 Application Techniques for Alum......Page 212
8.4.2 Stratified Lake Cases......Page 216
8.4.2.1 Mirror and Shadow Lakes, Wisconsin (WI)......Page 221
8.4.2.2 West Twin Lake (WTL), Ohio......Page 222
8.4.2.3 Kezar Lake, New Hampshire......Page 224
8.4.2.4 Lake Morey, Vermont......Page 225
8.4.3 Shallow, Unstratified Lake Cases......Page 227
8.4.3.1 Long Lake, Kitsap County, Washington......Page 229
8.4.3.2 Campbell and Erie Lakes, Washington......Page 230
8.4.3.3 Green Lake, Washington......Page 231
8.4.5 Ponds......Page 232
8.4.6 Iron Applications......Page 233
8.4.7 Calcium Applications to Hardwater Lakes......Page 234
8.5 Problems that Limit Effectiveness of P Inactivation......Page 236
8.6 Negative Aspects......Page 237
8.8 Sediment Oxidation......Page 245
8.8.2 Lake Response......Page 246
8.8.4 Prospectus......Page 249
References......Page 251
9.2 Trophic Cascade......Page 260
9.3 Basic Trophic Cascade Research......Page 264
9.4 Biomanipulation......Page 265
9.5 Shallow Lakes......Page 266
9.6.1 Cockshoot Broad (UK)......Page 268
9.6.2 Lake Zwemlust (and Other Dutch Lakes)......Page 269
9.6.4 Lake Christina, Minnesota......Page 271
9.7.1 Lake Mendota, Wisconsin......Page 273
9.7.2 Bautzen Reservoir And Grafenheim Experimental Lakes (Germany)......Page 274
9.9 Summary and Conclusions......Page 276
References......Page 277
10.2 Principle of Copper Sulfate Applications......Page 284
10.3 Application Guidelines......Page 286
10.4 Effectiveness of Copper Sulfate......Page 287
10.5 Negative Effects of Copper Sulfate......Page 288
10.6 Costs of Copper Sulfate......Page 290
References......Page 291
Macrophyte Biomass Control......Page 294
11.2 Planning and Monitoring for Aquatic Plant Management......Page 296
11.2.1 Case Study: White River Lake Aquatic Plant Management Plan......Page 297
11.3 Species and Life-Form Considerations......Page 301
11.4.1 Light......Page 302
11.4.2 Nutrients......Page 303
11.4.3 Dissolved Inorganic Carbon (DIC), pH, and Oxygen (O2)......Page 304
11.4.5 Temperature......Page 305
11.6 Resource Allocation and Phenology......Page 306
11.7 Reproduction and Survival Strategies......Page 307
11.8 Relationships with Other Organisms......Page 308
11.9 The Effects of Macrophytes on Their Environment......Page 310
References......Page 312
12.1 Introduction......Page 316
12.2 The “Do Nothing” Approach......Page 317
12.2.1 Case history: Lake Wingra, “Doing Nothing”......Page 318
12.3 The Habitat Alteration Approach......Page 319
12.3.1.1 Long and Big Green Lakes: Heavily Used Recreational Lakes in Southeastern Wisconsin......Page 320
12.3.1.2 Active Habitat Manipulation: Engineering and Biomanipulation Case Studies......Page 321
12.4 Aquascaping......Page 328
12.5 The Founder Colony: A Reasonable Restoration Approach......Page 336
12.5.1.1 Founder Colonies in North Lake, Lake Lewisville, and Lake Conroe, Texas and Guntersville Reservoir, Alabama......Page 337
12.5.1.3 Rice Lake at Milltown, Wisconsin: Lessons Learned......Page 338
References......Page 342
13.2 Methods......Page 346
13.3 Positive and Negative Factors of Water Level Drawdown......Page 351
13.4.1 Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA) Reservoirs......Page 353
13.4.3 Florida......Page 354
13.4.4 Wisconsin......Page 355
13.6 Case Histories......Page 358
References......Page 360
14.2 Preventive Approaches......Page 364
14.2.1 The Probabilities of Invasion......Page 365
14.2.3 Barriers and Sanitation......Page 367
14.3 Manual Methods and Soft Technologies......Page 369
14.4.1 The Materials Handling Problem......Page 370
14.4.2 Machinery and Equipment......Page 371
14.4.3.1 Case Study: Water chestnut (Trapa natans) Management in New York, Maryland, and Vermont......Page 373
14.4.3.3 Case Study: Deep Cutting, Fish Lake, Wisconsin......Page 374
14.4.4.1 Efficacy, Regrowth, and Change in Community Structure......Page 376
14.4.4.2 The Nutrient Removal Question......Page 379
14.4.4.3 Environmental Effects......Page 383
14.4.5 Shredding and Crushing......Page 386
14.4.6 Diver-Operated Suction Dredges......Page 387
14.4.8 Weed Rollers: Automated, Untended Aquatic Plant Control Devices......Page 388
14.4.9 Mechanical Derooting......Page 389
14.4.10 Costs and Productivity......Page 390
14.5 Concluding Remarks......Page 395
References......Page 396
15.2.1 Polyethylene......Page 402
15.2.2 Polypropylene......Page 403
15.2.4 Burlap......Page 404
15.4 Shading of Macrophytes with Surface Covers......Page 405
References......Page 406
16.2 Effective Concentration - Dose, Time Considerations, Active Ingredients, Site-Specific Factors, and Herbicide Formulation......Page 408
16.3 Types of Chemicals......Page 409
16.3.1 Contact vs. Systemic......Page 410
16.3.5 Plant Growth Regulators (PGRs)......Page 411
16.4 Increasing Herbicide Selectivity......Page 412
16.5.1 Herbicide Fate in the Environment......Page 414
16.5.2 Toxic Effects......Page 415
16.5.2.1 Direct Effects......Page 416
16.5.2.2 Indirect Impacts......Page 418
16.6 Ways of Minimizing Environmental Risks......Page 420
16.7.1.1 Minnesota Experiences......Page 422
16.7.1.2 Wisconsin Experiences - Potters and Random Lakes......Page 425
16.7.1.3 Michigan Experiences......Page 427
16.7.1.4 Vermont Experiences - Lake Hortonia and Burr Pond......Page 430
16.7.2.1 Cayuga Lake......Page 433
16.7.2.2 Loon Lake......Page 435
16.7.3.1 Pend Oreille River......Page 436
16.7.3.2 Lake Minnetonka......Page 438
16.9 Concluding Remarks......Page 439
References......Page 441
17.1 Introduction......Page 446
17.2 Hydrilla (Hydrilla verticillata)......Page 447
17.3 Water Hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes)......Page 448
17.4 Alligatorweed (Alternanthera philoxeroides)......Page 450
17.5 Eurasian Watermilfoil (Myriophyllum spicatum)......Page 451
17.6.1 History and Restrictions......Page 454
17.6.2 Biology of Grass Carp......Page 455
17.6.3 Reproduction of Grass Carp......Page 456
17.6.4 Stocking Rates......Page 459
17.6.5.1 Deer Point Lake, Florida......Page 461
17.6.5.3 Lake Conroe, Texas......Page 463
17.6.6 Water Quality Changes......Page 464
17.7 Other Phytophagous Fish......Page 466
17.8.2 Water hyacinth......Page 467
17.8.5 Allelopathic Substances......Page 468
17.8.8 Reducing Algae Growth with Bacteria......Page 469
References......Page 470
Multiple Benefit Treatments......Page 478
18.2 Description and Operation of Units......Page 480
18.3 Unit Sizing......Page 485
18.4 Beneficial Effects and Limitations......Page 486
18.7 Summary......Page 491
References......Page 492
19.2 Devices and Air Quantities......Page 496
19.3.2 Nutrients......Page 504
19.3.3 Physical Control of Phytoplankton Biomass......Page 505
19.3.4 Effects on Phytoplankton Composition......Page 509
19.4 Effects of Circulation on Trophic Indicators......Page 511
19.6 Costs......Page 515
REFERENCES......Page 517
20.2.2 Nutrient Control......Page 524
20.2.4 Rooted Macrophyte Control......Page 525
20.3.1 In-Lake Concerns......Page 526
20.3.2 Disposal Area Concerns......Page 527
20.4 Sediment Removal Depth......Page 528
20.5 Sediment Removal Techniques......Page 529
20.5.2 Hydraulic Dredges......Page 530
20.5.3 Special-Purpose Dredges......Page 534
20.6 Suitable Lake Conditions......Page 535
20.7 Dredge Selection and Disposal Area Design......Page 537
20.7.1.1 Plan to Optimize the Available Disposal Area......Page 538
20.7.1.2 Analyze the Production Capacity of Available Dredging Equipment......Page 539
20.7.1.4 Determine the Required Head Discharge Characteristics of the Main Pump When Pumping Material with the Specific Gravity of Lake Sediment (Approximately 1.20)......Page 541
20.7.1.5 Determine Minimum Head Conditions When Pumping to the Nearest Disposal Area......Page 549
20.7.1.6 Analyze Booster Pump Requirements for Pumping to Distances Beyond the Capacity of the Main Pump......Page 550
20.7.2.1 Flocculent Settling Procedure......Page 556
20.7.2.2 Zone/Compression Settling Test Procedure......Page 557
20.7.2.3 Design Procedures......Page 558
20.8 Case Studies......Page 564
20.8.1 Lake Trummen, Sweden......Page 565
20.8.2.1 Initial Diagnosis and Results......Page 569
20.8.2.2 Long-Term Effects......Page 571
20.8.2.3 Other WDNR Dredging Experiences......Page 574
20.8.3 Lake Springfield, Illinois......Page 575
20.8.3.1 Sediment Removal Guidelines......Page 576
20.8.3.2 Sediment Removal Techniques and Disposal Site Selection......Page 577
20.8.3.3 Permits......Page 578
20.8.3.5 Sediment Removal......Page 579
20.8.4 Lake Järnsjön, Sweden......Page 580
20.9 Costs......Page 583
References......Page 588
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