Respiratory Physiology (Mosby Physiology Series)

Series Page......Page 2
RESPIRATORY PHYSIOLOGY......Page 3
Copyright......Page 4
Dedication......Page 5
PREFACE......Page 6
BASIC STRUCTURE OF THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM......Page 7
Alveolar–Capillary Unit......Page 11
Pulmonary Circulation......Page 12
The Muscles of Respiration......Page 15
Anatomic and Physiologic Correlates......Page 16
Additional Readings......Page 20
Lung Volumes......Page 21
Lung Compliance and Lung Elastic Properties......Page 22
Compliance of the Respiratory System......Page 24
Factors Determining Lung Volume......Page 25
Lung–Chest Wall Interactions......Page 26
Surface Tension......Page 28
Surfactant......Page 29
Alveolar Interdependence......Page 32
Resistance......Page 35
Lung Resistance......Page 38
Lung Volume and Airway Resistance......Page 39
Dynamic Compliance......Page 40
Dynamic Airway Compression and Flow Limitation......Page 42
The Work of Breathing......Page 45
Inert Gas Dilution Technique......Page 50
Plethysmography......Page 51
Spirogram Display......Page 52
Interpreting the Vital Capacity Maneuver......Page 55
Other Useful Tests of Lung Function......Page 57
Emphysema......Page 58
Anemia......Page 59
Airway Resistance and Lung Compliance......Page 60
Measurement of Lung Compliance......Page 61
When Should Pulmonary Function Tests be Used......Page 62
Composition of a Gas Mixture......Page 66
Alveolar Gas Composition......Page 67
Distribution of Ventilation......Page 70
Tests of Distribution of Ventilation......Page 72
Physiologic Dead Space Ventilation......Page 74
Aging......Page 76
Pulmonary Blood Flow......Page 80
Bronchial Blood Flow......Page 81
Pressures and Flows in the Pulmonary Circulation......Page 83
Pulmonary Vascular Resistance......Page 84
Gravity and Effects on Pulmonary Blood Flow......Page 85
Effects of Pressure Changes on Extraalveolar and Alveolar Vessels......Page 86
The Alveolar–Capillary Network......Page 87
The Pulmonary Lymphatic System......Page 88
Active Regulation of Blood Flow......Page 90
Measurement of Pulmonary Vascular Pressures......Page 92
7 - Ventilation (), Perfusion (), and Their Relationships......Page 97
Ventilation/Perfusion Ratio......Page 96
Alveolar–Arterial Difference......Page 98
Anatomic Shunt......Page 100
Physiologic Shunt......Page 101
Hypoventilation......Page 102
Mechanisms of Hypercarbia......Page 103
Effect of Ventilation–Perfusion Regional Differences......Page 104
GAS DIFFUSION......Page 107
Diffusion Limitation......Page 109
Hemoglobin Structure......Page 112
Oxygen Saturation......Page 113
The Oxyhemoglobin Dissociation Curve......Page 114
Temperature......Page 115
Carbon Monoxide......Page 117
Tissue Hypoxia......Page 118
Carbon Dioxide Production, Metabolism, and Diffusion......Page 119
Bicarbonate......Page 120
Carbamino Compounds......Page 121
Carbon Dioxide Dissociation Curve......Page 122
Types of Acid–Base Abnormalities......Page 125
Respiratory Acidosis and Alkalosis......Page 127
Respiratory and Renal Compensatory Mechanisms......Page 128
Renal Compensation......Page 129
Base Excess and Anion Gap......Page 131
Step 2: Is the Primary Disorder of Respiratory or Metabolic Origin......Page 132
Step 4: What Is the Alveolar–Arterial Oxygen Difference (AaDo2)......Page 133
The Respiratory Control Center......Page 137
Overview of Ventilatory Control......Page 136
Central Chemoreceptors......Page 139
Peripheral Chemoreceptors......Page 141
Chest Wall and Lung Reflexes......Page 143
Response to Carbon Dioxide......Page 144
Response to Hypoxia......Page 145
Abnormalities in Control of Breathing......Page 146
AEROSOL DEPOSITION IN THE LUNG......Page 151
Inhaled Toxicants, Air Pollution, and Disease......Page 152
Periciliary Fluid......Page 154
Cilia......Page 155
Phagocytic and Inflammatory Cells......Page 157
Mucosal-Associated Lymphoid Tissue (MALT)......Page 161
Lung Diseases Associated with Abnormalities of Lung Defense......Page 163
Diseases Associated with Abnormalities in Innate and Adaptive Immunity......Page 164
12 - The Lung Under Special Circumstances......Page 169
Pulmonary Blood Flow During Exercise......Page 168
Exercise Testing......Page 171
Fetal Respiration Development......Page 172
Postnatal Development......Page 175
High Altitude and Acclimatization......Page 176
Chapter 3......Page 179
Chapter 5......Page 180
Chapter 7......Page 181
Chapter 9......Page 182
Chapter 11......Page 183
Chapter 12......Page 184
B - Multiple-Choice Examination......Page 185
Answers to Multiple-Choice Examination......Page 189
2.1 Gases......Page 190
2.4 Gas Solubility......Page 191
2.5 Airflow in Airways......Page 192
Hemoglobin......Page 193