Resolving human-wildlife conflicts : the science of wildlife damage management

Resolving Human ? Wildlife Conflicts: The Science of Wildlife Damage Management......Page 3
Dedication......Page 5
Preface......Page 8
Contents......Page 10
DEFINITIONS......Page 19
PHILOSOPHIES OF WILDLIFE MANAGEMENT......Page 20
WHAT POSITIVE VALUES ARE PROVIDED BY WILDLIFE?......Page 23
WHAT IS WILDLIFE DAMAGE MANAGEMENT?......Page 24
CONTRIBUTIONS OF WILDLIFE DAMAGE MANAGEMENT TO THE LARGER FIELD OF WILDLIFE MANAGEMENT......Page 26
ALTERNATIVE DEFINITIONS FOR WILDLIFE DAMAGE MANAGEMENT......Page 27
WHAT IS IN A NAME?......Page 28
WHAT ARE THE NECESSARY INGREDIENTS FOR DAMAGE BY WILDLIFE?......Page 30
THE ROLE OF GOVERNMENT IN WILDLIFE MANAGEMENT......Page 31
SUMMARY......Page 33
LITERATURE CITED......Page 34
PREHISTORIC WILDLIFE MANAGEMENT......Page 35
WILDLIFE DAMAGE MANAGEMENT IN THE ANCIENT WORLD......Page 37
WILDLIFE DAMAGE MANAGEMENT IN MEDIEVAL EUROPE......Page 38
WILDLIFE MANAGEMENT IN COLONIAL AMERICA FROM 1620 TO 1776......Page 41
WILDLIFE MANAGEMENT IN THE U.S. FROM 1776 TO 1880......Page 44
WHY THE CLOSING OF THE FRONTIER AND THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION SPARKED A NEW PHILOSOPHY OF WILDLIFE MANAGEMENT......Page 45
CONSEQUENCES OF THE WORLD WARS AND THE GREAT DEPRESSION ON WILDLIFE MANAGEMENT......Page 48
WILDLIFE MANAGEMENT IN MODERN AMERICA......Page 49
WILDLIFE MANAGEMENT IN THE 21ST CENTURY: WHAT NOW?......Page 51
SUMMARY......Page 52
LITERATURE CITED......Page 53
CHAPTER 3: Threats to Human Safety......Page 56
Territorial Attacks......Page 57
HOW OFTEN ARE HUMANS INJURED OR KILLED BY WILDLIFE?......Page 58
SNAKEBITES......Page 60
BEAR ATTACKS......Page 61
ALLIGATOR ATTACKS......Page 63
ATTACKS BY WOLVES AND COYOTES......Page 65
COUGAR ATTACKS......Page 66
ATTACKS BY LARGE HERBIVORES......Page 68
WHY HAS THERE BEEN A RECENT INCREASE IN WILDLIFE ATTACKS ON HUMANS IN NORTH AMERICA?......Page 69
WHAT CAN BE DONE TO REDUCE THE FREQUENCY OF WILDLIFE ATTACKS ON HUMANS?......Page 70
HUMAN INJURIES AND FATALITIES FROM UNGULATE?AUTOMOBILE COLLISIONS......Page 71
HUMAN INJURIES AND FATALITIES FROM BIRD?AIRCRAFT COLLISIONS......Page 76
SUMMARY......Page 79
LITERATURE CITED......Page 80
CHAPTER 4: Zoonoses......Page 83
Plague......Page 84
Tularemia......Page 91
Leptospirosis......Page 92
Lyme Disease......Page 94
Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever......Page 95
Scrub Typhus......Page 96
Psittacosis 伀爀渀椀琀栀漀猀椀猀......Page 97
Encephalitis......Page 98
Hantavirus......Page 99
Rabies......Page 101
SUMMARY......Page 103
LITERATURE CITED......Page 104
ECONOMIC ANALYSES OF WILDLIFE VALUES......Page 106
3. Income-Producing Ability......Page 108
WHY IS IT IMPORTANT TO HAVE ACCURATE ECONOMIC DATA ABOUT LOSSES FROM WILDLIFE DAMAGE?......Page 109
MEASURING WILDLIFE DAMAGE BY MAKING A DIRECT ASSESSMENT OF LOSSES......Page 110
ASSESSING THE EXTENT OF WILDLIFE DAMAGE BY SURVEYING PEOPLE......Page 115
Deer–Automobile Collisions......Page 116
Bird–Aircraft Collisions......Page 117
Wildlife Damage to Households......Page 118
Wildlife Damage to the Timber Industry......Page 120
Wildlife Damage to Agricultural Production......Page 122
Total Economic Losses Due to Wildlife Damage in the U.S.......Page 123
DO HIGH LEVELS OF WILDLIFE DAMAGE MEAN THAT WILDLIFE POPULATIONS ARE TOO HIGH?......Page 124
Great Britain......Page 125
Southeast Asia......Page 126
Australia......Page 133
LITERATURE CITED......Page 135
CHAPTER 6: Environmental Damage and Exotic Species......Page 140
WHAT IS AN EXOTIC SPECIES?......Page 144
IMPACTS OF EXOTIC SPECIES ON THE NATIVE BIOTA......Page 145
HAWAII......Page 146
GALAPAGOS ISLANDS......Page 147
AUSTRALIA......Page 148
NORTH AMERICA......Page 150
RESOLVING ENVIRONMENTAL PROBLEMS CAUSED BY EXOTIC ANIMALS......Page 151
Preventing Exotic Animals from Establishing a Free-Ranging Population......Page 152
Controlling Populations of Exotic Animals......Page 155
CAN WE PREDICT WHEN AN EXOTIC SPECIES WILL CAUSE ENVIRONMENTAL DAMAGE?......Page 156
Which Animals Are Likely to Invade?......Page 157
WHICH SITES ARE VULNERABLE TO EXOTIC SPECIES?......Page 158
DEVELOPING AN INTEGRATED PROGRAM TO STOP THE SPREAD OF EXOTICS......Page 159
SUMMARY......Page 160
LITERATURE CITED......Page 161
INTRINSIC GROWTH RATES OF WILDLIFE POPULATIONS......Page 166
WHAT EFFECT DOES LETHAL CONTROL HAVE ON A WILDLIFE POPULATION’S BIRTH AND MORTALITY RATES?......Page 168
WHAT EFFECT DOES LETHAL CONTROL HAVE ON A WILDLIFE POPULATION’S IMMIGRATION RATE?......Page 172
IS THERE A CORRELATION BETWEEN WILDLIFE POPULATION LEVELS AND WILDLIFE DAMAGE?......Page 173
HOW DO VALUES PROVIDED BY WILDLIFE CHANGE AS THEIR POPULATIONS INCREASE?......Page 174
SHOULD LETHAL TECHNIQUES BE DIRECTED AT SPECIFIC INDIVIDUALS, SPECIFIC SUBPOPULATIONS, OR THE ENTIRE POPULATION?......Page 176
ARE LETHAL METHODS LEGAL?......Page 179
ARE LETHAL METHODS EFFECTIVE AT REDUCING WILDLIFE DAMAGE?......Page 180
SHOULD LETHAL METHODS BE USED AHEAD OF TIME TO PREVENT WILDLIFE DAMAGE OR ONLY AFTER DAMAGE HAS BEGUN?......Page 182
ARE LETHAL TECHNIQUES COST EFFECTIVE?......Page 183
DO LETHAL TECHNIQUES POSE A RISK TO NONTARGET SPECIES?......Page 185
ARE LETHAL TECHNIQUES HUMANE AND SOCIALLY ACCEPTABLE?......Page 188
Leghold Traps......Page 190
Killing Traps and Snares......Page 191
Denning......Page 194
Shooting......Page 195
Diseases and Parasites......Page 196
LITERATURE CITED......Page 198
CHAPTER 8: Fertility Control......Page 203
MECHANICAL AND SURGICAL TECHNIQUES TO REDUCE FERTILITY......Page 204
REDUCING FERTILITY BY DISRUPTING ENDOCRINE REGULATION......Page 205
IMMUNOCONTRACEPTION......Page 206
ADMINISTERING FERTILITY DRUGS TO ANIMALS......Page 207
WHEN SHOULD WE USE CONTRACEPTION IN WILDLIFE?......Page 208
Influence of Population Dynamics on Contraception......Page 209
Canids......Page 210
Deer, Elk, and Mountain Goats......Page 211
Equids......Page 213
Rodents......Page 214
OILING, ADDLING, OR PUNCTURING EGGS......Page 215
EFFORTS IN AUSTRALIA TO RESOLVE HUMAN?WILDLIFE CONFLICTS USING IMMUNOCONTRACEPTIVES......Page 216
PUBLIC PERCEPTIONS OF WILDLIFE FERTILITY CONTROL......Page 218
SUMMARY......Page 219
LITERATURE CITED......Page 220
EXAMPLES OF THE USE OF TRANSLOCATION TO RESOLVE WILDLIFE CONFLICTS......Page 225
DO TRANSLOCATED ANIMALS RETURN TO THE SITE WHERE THEY WERE CAPTURED?......Page 226
DO NEW ANIMALS REPLACE THE TRANSLOCATED ONES SO THAT THE PROBLEM PERSISTS?......Page 229
DO TRANSLOCATED ANIMALS CREATE THE SAME PROBLEM ELSEWHERE?......Page 230
WHAT HAPPENS TO TRANSLOCATED ANIMALS?......Page 231
Disease and Parasite Transmission......Page 234
Reproduction and Population Genetics......Page 235
IS TRANSLOCATION COST-EFFECTIVE?......Page 236
WHAT ARE GOVERNMENTAL POLICIES CONCERNING THE TRANSLOCATION OF NUISANCE ANIMALS?......Page 237
WHEN IS TRANSLOCATION WARRANTED?......Page 238
LITERATURE CITED......Page 239
CHAPTER 10: Fear-Provoking Stimuli......Page 243
VISUAL STIMULI......Page 244
Exploders and Bangers......Page 246
Novel Sounds......Page 247
Distress Calls and Alarm Calls......Page 248
OLFACTORY STIMULI......Page 249
THE PROBLEM OF HABITUATION......Page 250
CAN HABITUATION TO FEAR-PROVOKING STIMULI BE DELAYED?......Page 251
USING GUARD DOGS AS FEAR-PROVOKING STIMULI......Page 253
HAZING OR HARASSMENT......Page 255
SUMMARY......Page 256
LITERATURE CITED......Page 257
HOW PLANTS USE CHEMICALS TO DEFEND THEMSELVES FROM HERBIVORES......Page 262
Role of Olfaction in Shaping Food Preferences......Page 263
Role of Irritants in Shaping Food Preferences......Page 264
Role of Post-Ingestion Feedback in Shaping Food Preferences......Page 265
Area Repellents......Page 266
Contact Repellents......Page 268
Systemic Repellents......Page 269
CONDITIONED FOOD AVERSIONS BASED ON DECEPTION......Page 271
Precision of Mimicry......Page 272
Costs to Benefits Ratio......Page 273
Repellent Concentration......Page 274
LAWS GOVERNING THE USE OF VERTEBRATE REPELLENTS......Page 275
SUMMARY......Page 276
LITERATURE CITED......Page 277
CHAPTER 12: Diversion......Page 283
OPTIMAL FORAGING THEORY......Page 284
LARGE GROUP FORMATION AS AN ANTIPREDATOR BEHAVIOR ? A NATURAL FORM OF DIVERSION......Page 285
EXAMPLES OF DIVERSION TO RESOLVE HUMAN?WILDLIFE CONFLICTS......Page 286
CREATING A FOOD DIVERSION THROUGH HABITAT MODIFICATION......Page 289
RESPONSE OF WILDLIFE TO SUPPLEMENTAL FOOD......Page 290
RESPONSE OF WILDLIFE TO DIVERSION......Page 291
COST EFFECTIVENESS......Page 292
WHAT TYPE OF FOOD OR CROP SHOULD BE USED IN DIVERSION?......Page 293
WHERE SHOULD A FEEDER STATION OR DIVERSION CROP BE LOCATED?......Page 294
CAN WILDLIFE DAMAGE AND THE EFFECTIVENESS OF DIVERSION BE PREDICTED?......Page 297
CAN DIVERSION BE USED WITH OTHER TECHNIQUES?......Page 298
LITERATURE CITED......Page 299
Cost of Fence Construction......Page 302
Crop Value......Page 303
Woven-Wire Fencing......Page 305
Electric Fencing......Page 307
USING FENCES TO REDUCE PREDATION ON LIVESTOCK......Page 311
Fences to Protect Individual Nests......Page 312
Using Nesting Structures to Isolate Nesting Birds from Predators......Page 315
Building Islands to Isolate Nesting Birds from Predators......Page 316
Tree Guards to Reduce Deer Browsing on Tree Shoots......Page 317
Wraps and Shields to Protect Tree Trunks from Being Girdled......Page 318
EXCLUSIONARY DEVICES TO PREVENT BEAVER FROM REBUILDING DAMS......Page 320
USING A TRAP-BARRIER SYSTEM TO REDUCE RAT DAMAGE IN RICE FIELDS......Page 321
USING EXCLUSION TO SOLVE BIRD DAMAGE......Page 322
EXCLUDING WILDLIFE FROM BUILDINGS......Page 325
LITERATURE CITED......Page 327
Growing Unpalatable Plant Species to Reduce Wildlife Damage......Page 331
Growing Cultivars or Varieties Less Susceptible to Wildlife Damage......Page 332
Grain sorghum......Page 333
Sunflowers......Page 334
Changing Husbandry Practices to Reduce Predation on Livestock......Page 335
Agronomical Techniques to Reduce Agricultural Losses Due to Wildlife Damage......Page 336
Reducing Wildlife Damage by Changing Planting and Harvesting Schedules......Page 337
Reducing the Vulnerability of Buildings to Bird Problems......Page 338
Making Buildings More Rodent-Proof......Page 339
Habitat Modification to Minimize Wildlife Damage to Timber Production......Page 340
Habitat Modification to Minimize Wildlife Damage to Agricultural Production......Page 341
Manipulating Habitat to Increase an Animal’s Fear of a Site......Page 342
REDUCING HUMAN?WILDLIFE CONFLICTS AT THE LANDSCAPE LEVEL......Page 344
Avoiding Damage by Clustering Vulnerable Resources Together......Page 345
Avoiding Damage by Increasing Field Size......Page 346
Reducing Damage by Managing Distant Bird Roosts......Page 348
Reducing Damage by Managing Distant Refugia......Page 350
LITERATURE CITED......Page 351
CHAPTER 15: Human Dimensions......Page 357
DIFFERENCES IN ATTITUDES TOWARD WILDLIFE......Page 358
Humanistic Attitude......Page 359
Farmers, Ranchers, and Private Landowners......Page 360
Hunters and Fur Trappers......Page 361
Animal Welfare Activists......Page 362
Metropolitan Residents......Page 363
Rural Residents......Page 366
IMPACT OF WILDLIFE DAMAGE ON A PERSON’S ATTITUDES TOWARD WILDLIFE......Page 367
THE CONCEPT OF CULTURAL CARRYING CAPACITY......Page 368
WHY IS THE MANAGEMENT OF HUMAN?WILDLIFE CONFLICTS SO CONTROVERSIAL?......Page 369
MAKING POLICY DECISIONS REGARDING WILDLIFE DAMAGE MANAGEMENT......Page 372
RESOLVING HUMAN?WILDLIFE CONFLICTS THROUGH THE HUMAN DIMENSION......Page 374
Alleviating Human?Wildlife Conflicts by Increasing the Injured Person’s Appreciation for Wildlife......Page 375
Increasing Tolerance for Human?Wildlife Conflicts through Education......Page 376
Increasing Tolerance for Human?Wildlife Conflicts through Compensation......Page 377
ARE PEOPLE’S PERCEPTIONS ABOUT WILDLIFE DAMAGE ACCURATE?......Page 378
LITERATURE CITED......Page 380
REDUCING BLACKBIRD DAMAGE TO SUNFLOWERS......Page 385
Lethal Control......Page 387
Fear-Provoking Stimuli......Page 388
Chemical Repellents......Page 389
Habitat Modification......Page 390
Developing an Integrated Approach......Page 392
Lethal Control......Page 393
Fear-Provoking Stimuli......Page 395
Diversion......Page 396
Exclusion......Page 397
Habitat Modification......Page 398
Developing an Integrated Approach......Page 399
Lethal Control......Page 400
Fertility Control......Page 401
Repellents......Page 402
Habitat Modification......Page 403
Human Dimensions......Page 404
SUMMARY......Page 405
LITERATURE CITED......Page 406
APPENDIX: Latin Names for Species Mentioned in the Text......Page 412