Research Progress on Forage Production, Processing and Utilization in China

Introduction
Contents
1 The History of Forage Industry Development in China
	1.1 Origin and Development of Forage Cultivation in China
		1.1.1 Germination and Utilization of Forage in the Primitive Society
		1.1.2 Forage Cultivation and Utilization in the Xia, Shang, and Western Zhou Dynasties
		1.1.3 Forage Cultivation and Utilization During the Spring and Autumn Period and Warring States Period
	1.2 Forage Processing and Preparation Technology in Ancient China
		1.2.1 Overview of Forage Processing and Preparation Technology
		1.2.2 Hay Preparation Technology
		1.2.3 Fresh Grass Storage Technology
		1.2.4 Forage Cutting Technology
		1.2.5 Crushing Technology
		1.2.6 Maturation Technology
		1.2.7 Forage Mixing Technology
	1.3 Cultivation and Research of M. Sativa in Ancient China
		1.3.1 Origin of M. Sativa
		1.3.2 Cultivation and Utilization of M. Sativa in Ancient Times
		1.3.3 Botanical Research on M. Sativa in Ancient Times
	References
2 Development of Forage Industry in China
	2.1 General Development of Forage Industry
		2.1.1 Forage Farming
		2.1.2 Forage and Pasture Seeds
		2.1.3 Forage Production
		2.1.4 Efficient Utilization and Intensive Processing of Forage Grass
	2.2 Problems and Challenges of Forage Industry
		2.2.1 Improved Breeding Varieties of Grass Seeds is not Mature and Relies Too Much on Imports
		2.2.2 The Standardization and Quality of Forage Production is Low, and the Regional Production is Unbalanced
		2.2.3 The Integration of Forage and Livestock is not High and Closely
		2.2.4 The Mechanical Equipment of Forage Processing is not Improved, and Mainly Depends on Importation
		2.2.5 Intensive Processing of Forage Products is Insufficient and Low-Value
	References
3 Research Status of Forage Seed Industry in China
	3.1 Forage Germplasm Resources in China
		3.1.1 Collection and Preservation of Forage Germplasm Resources in China
		3.1.2 Evaluation and Identification of Forage Germplasm Resources in China
	3.2 Research Advances in Forage Breeding
		3.2.1 An Overview of Forage Breeding in China
		3.2.2 Advances in Perennial Forage Breeding (Current Registered Perennial Forage Varieties and Characteristics)
		3.2.3 Main Perennial Forage Varieties and Suitable Planting Areas
		3.2.4 Advances in Annual Forage Breeding
		3.2.5 Breeding Methods
	3.3 Production of Forage Seeds
		3.3.1 Research Progress on the Theory of Forage Seed Aging
		3.3.2 Progress in Field Production, Harvest and Storage of Forage Seeds
	3.4 Status and Development of Forage Seed Quality Testing in China
		3.4.1 Standards of Forage Seed Quality Testing in China
		3.4.2 Forage Seed Quality Testing Technology in China
		3.4.3 Related Laws, Regulations and Quality Testing Institutions for Forage Seeds in China
4 Research Progress of Forage Grass Cultivation
	4.1 Modern Seeding Methods
		4.1.1 Mixed Seeding
		4.1.2 Companion Seeding
		4.1.3 Low Temperature Seeding
		4.1.4 Furrow Seeding
		4.1.5 No-till Seeding
	4.2 Field Management Technique
		4.2.1 Weed Control Technique
		4.2.2 Nutrient Management Technique
		4.2.3 Water Saving Irrigation Technique
		4.2.4 Coupling Technique of Water and Fertilizer
		4.2.5 Safe Overwintering Technique of Alfalfa
	4.3 Forage-Crop Rotation Technique
	4.4 Diseases and Pest Prevention and Control Technology
		4.4.1 The Technology of Agricultural Control
		4.4.2 Physical Control
		4.4.3 Chemical Control
		4.4.4 Biological Control
		4.4.5 Ecological Control Technology
	References
5 Advances in Grass and Forage Processing and Production in China
	5.1 Introduction
	5.2 Research Progress on Silage in Southern China
		5.2.1 Main Silage Materials in Southern China
		5.2.2 Microorganisms on Silage Materials
		5.2.3 Improving the Fermentation Quality of Silage
		5.2.4 Improving the Aerobic Stability of Silage
		5.2.5 Reducing the Harmful Matters in Silage
	5.3 Research Progress in Silage Processing on the Tibetan Plateau
		5.3.1 Mixed Silages
		5.3.2 Fermented Total Mixed Rations
		5.3.3 The Isolation and Application of Psychrotolerant Lactic Acid Bacteria
	5.4 Microbial Community and Metabolome of Silage
		5.4.1 Microbial Community of Silage
		5.4.2 Metabolome of Silage
	5.5 Research, Development and Application of Lactic Acid Bacteria in Silage
		5.5.1 Classification of LAB
		5.5.2 Factors Affecting the Fermentation of LAB Additives for Silage
		5.5.3 Research and Application of LAB Additives for Silage
	5.6 Application of Food Byproducts in Total Mixed Ration Silage
		5.6.1 Utilization of Food Byproducts as Feedstuff
		5.6.2 Introduction of Food Byproducts
		5.6.3 Chemical Composition and Feed Characteristics of Food Byproducts
		5.6.4 Application of Food Byproducts in Silage
		5.6.5 Nutritive Value of Byproduct Silage and TMR Silage
		5.6.6 Conclusions
	5.7 Hay Processing and Production in China
		5.7.1 Concept of Hay
		5.7.2 Role of Hay
		5.7.3 Types of Hay in China
		5.7.4 Procedure of Hay Making
		5.7.5 Research and Hay Production in China
	References
6 Assessment of Forage Safety and Quality
	6.1 Quality and Safety Problems of Forage
		6.1.1 Toxic and Harmful Ingredients in Raw Materials
		6.1.2 Toxic and Harmful Substances Produced by Environmental Pollution
		6.1.3 Toxic and Harmful Substances Produced by Improper Processing and Storage
		6.1.4 The Use of Additives in the Production of Forage Grass Products is Not Standard
	6.2 Quality Evaluation of Forage Resources in China
		6.2.1 Overview of the Forage Resources, Quality and Evaluation
		6.2.2 Identification and Current Quantitative Measurement of Forage Quality Components of Forage Resources in China
		6.2.3 Current Integrated Indexes and Grading Systems Used for Forage Quality Evaluation
		6.2.4 Forage Quality and Evaluation Gaps
		6.2.5 Latest Developments and New Directions for Improving Forage Quality and Evaluation
		6.2.6 Summary
	6.3 Research Status and Control of Fungi and Mycotoxins in Forage
		6.3.1 Toxic Effects on Ruminants
		6.3.2 Occurrence and Limit Standards
		6.3.3 Accumulation and Influencing Factors
		6.3.4 Prevention and Detoxification Measures
		6.3.5 Summary
	6.4 Research Status and Control of Nitrate and Nitrite in Forage
		6.4.1 Nitrate and Nitrite Hazards to Ruminants
		6.4.2 Inducement Factor of Nitrate Accumulation in Forage
		6.4.3 Prevention and Control of Nitrate Poisoning in Forage
	6.5 The Hazards of Pesticide Residue on Forage and the Progress of Detection Technology
	6.6 Quality and Safety Supervision and Management of Forage Products
		6.6.1 The Control of Quality and Safety of Forage Products
		6.6.2 The Quality and Safety of Standard System of Forage Products
	References
7 The Status of the Forage Utilization Industry in China
	7.1 Forage Utilization in Dairy Feeding
		7.1.1 Why is Forage Important in Feeding Dairy Cows
		7.1.2 The Common Forages Used in the Diets of Dairy Cows
		7.1.3 How to Appropriately Use the Forage in Feeding Dairy Cows
		7.1.4 Conclusion
	7.2 Forage Utilization in Beef Cattle
		7.2.1 Forage Usage in Beef Cattle
		7.2.2 Grazing
		7.2.3 Green Hay
		7.2.4 Silage
		7.2.5 Forage Usage in Yak
	7.3 Application in Goats and Sheep Breeding
		7.3.1 Alfalfa
		7.3.2 Ryegrass
		7.3.3 Straw
	7.4 Application in Pigs Breeding
	7.5 Application in Poultries Breeding
		7.5.1 Application in Chickens
		7.5.2 Application in Ducks
		7.5.3 Application in Geese
	7.6 Application in Monogastric Animal Feeding
		7.6.1 Rabbit
		7.6.2 Herbivorous Fish
		7.6.3 Horse
		7.6.4 Donkey
	References
8 Research Progress of New Forage and Woody Forage
	8.1 Current Forage Resources in China
	8.2 Value and Current Researches of Woody Forage Resources
		8.2.1 Concept and Categories of Woody Forages
		8.2.2 Characteristics of Woody Forages
		8.2.3 Nutritional Value of Woody Forages in China
		8.2.4 Problems in Woody Forages
		8.2.5 Brief Summary
		8.2.6 Ensiling Technology for Woody Forages
		8.2.7 Feeding Utilization of New Woody Forage Resources
	8.3 Effect of New Woody Forage in Cattle and Sheep Feeding
	8.4 Effect of New Woody Forage in Pig Feeding
	8.5 Effect of New Woody Forage in Poultry Feeding
	8.6 Others
	References
9 Research Progress of Integrated Ecological Cycle Models of Forage Planting and Livestock Breeding
	9.1 Connotation and Significance of the Integration of Forage and Livestock
		9.1.1 Connotation of the Integrated Forage and Livestock Production System
		9.1.2 Function of the Integrated Forage and Livestock Production System
	9.2 Integrated Ecological Cycle Models of Forage Planting and Livestock Breeding
		9.2.1 Modeling Principles
		9.2.2 Pattern Types
	9.3 Typical Cases
		9.3.1 Integrated Ecological Cycle Model of Forage Planting and Cow Breeding in the Warm Temperate Zone
		9.3.2 Integrated Ecological Cycle Model of Forage Planting and Cow Breeding in the Cold Temperate Zone
		9.3.3 Integrated Cycle Model of Forage Planting and Cattle Breeding in the Cold Temperate Zone
		9.3.4 Integrated Ecological Cycle Model of Forage Planting and Sheep Breeding
		9.3.5 Integrated Ecological Cycle Model of Forage Planting and Chicken Breeding Under Forest
		9.3.6 Integrated Ecological Cycle Model of Forage Planting and Pig Breeding
	References
10 Research Progress of Forage Machinery in China
	10.1 Concept, Types, and Development of Forage Machinery and Equipment
		10.1.1 Concept of Forage Machinery and Equipment
		10.1.2 Types of Forage Machinery and Equipment
		10.1.3 Development of Forage Machinery and Equipment
		10.1.4 Current Situation of Forage Machinery and Equipment
	10.2 Research Progress of Forage Seed Harvesting and Processing Machinery and Equipment
		10.2.1 Forage Seed Harvesting Machinery
		10.2.2 Forage Seed Processing Machinery
	10.3 Research Progress of Forage Production Machinery and Equipment
		10.3.1 Grassland Improvement Machinery and Equipment
		10.3.2 Mechanical Equipment for Forage Planting, Fertilization, and Field Management
	10.4 Research Progress of Forage Harvesting Machinery and Equipment
		10.4.1 Mowers
		10.4.2 Hay Rake
		10.4.3 Square Baler
		10.4.4 Round Baler
		10.4.5 Green Fodder Harvester
	10.5 Research Progress of Forage Processing Equipment
		10.5.1 Research on Forage Drying Technology and Equipment
		10.5.2 Forage Shredding Equipment
		10.5.3 Feed Pelleting and Briquetting Equipment
11 Laws and Regulations on Forage in China
	11.1 The Seed Law of the People’s Republic of China
	11.2 The Grassland Law of the People’s Republic of China
	11.3 Measures for the Management of Grasses
	11.4 Regulations on the Certification of Grass Varieties
	11.5 Management Measures for Production Permit of Feed Additives and Additives Premix Feed
	11.6 General Plan for National Grassland Protection, Construction and Utilization
	11.7 Opinions on Accelerating the Development of Modern Crop Seed Industry
	11.8 Development Plan of Modern Crop Seed Industry in China (2012–2020)
	11.9 Opinions of the General Office of the State Council on Deepening the Reform of Seed Industry System and Improving Innovation Ability
	11.10 Medium and Long-Term Development Plan for Protection and Utilization of Crop Germplasm Resources in China (2015–2030)
	11.11 Opinions on Increasing Reform and Innovation and Speeding up Agricultural Modernization
	11.12 Implementation Plan of Grain Conversion
	11.13 Key Points for Development of Animal Husbandry in 2018