Research Methods: A Framework for Evidence-Based Clinical Practice

RESEARCH METHODS: A Framework for Evidence-Based Clinical Practice......Page 1
Title Page......Page 3
Copyright......Page 4
Dedication......Page 5
FOREWORD......Page 6
PURPOSE AND AUDIENCE......Page 9
APPROACH......Page 10
CHAPTER FEATURES......Page 11
ORGANIZATION......Page 12
ADDITIONAL RESOURCES......Page 13
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS......Page 14
CONTENTS (with page links)......Page 15
Reviewers......Page 23
PART I: INTRODUCTION TO CLINICAL RESEARCH......Page 25
KEY TERMS......Page 27
WHAT RESEARCH IS AND WHAT RESEARCH IS NOT......Page 28
THE RESEARCH PROCESS......Page 31
RESEARCH AND THE CLINICAL PRACTITIONER......Page 38
KEY POINTS......Page 39
REFERENCES......Page 40
SUGGESTED READING......Page 41
KEY TERMS......Page 42
INTRODUCTION......Page 43
WHEREABOUTS......Page 44
NAVIGATING SCIENTIFIC WRITING......Page 46
KEY POINTS......Page 50
SUGGESTED READING......Page 51
CHAPTER OBJECTIVES......Page 52
INTRODUCTION......Page 53
WHAT IS EVIDENCE-BASED PRACTICE?......Page 54
THE ROLE OF THEORY: DEFINITION AND BASIC TENETS......Page 56
HOW DOES THE CLINICAL PRACTITIONER USE RESEARCH AND EBP?......Page 59
KEY POINTS......Page 64
REFERENCES......Page 65
SUGGESTED READING......Page 66
CHAPTER OBJECTIVES......Page 67
INTRODUCTION......Page 68
HISTORY AND DIRECTION OF CLINICAL FIELDS......Page 69
RESEARCH IN MEDICINE......Page 70
CLINICAL RESEARCH......Page 71
CLINICAL RESEARCH AND EVIDENCE-BASED PRACTICE......Page 72
CHAPTER SUMMARY......Page 73
Critical Thinking Questions......Page 74
REFERENCES......Page 75
KEY TERMS......Page 76
INTRODUCTION......Page 77
GENERAL BACKGROUND......Page 78
MODEL OF INTERPRETATIVE PRACTICE......Page 79
HISTORICAL CONTEXT......Page 82
ETHICAL PRINCIPLES AND HUMAN PARTICIPATION PROTECTIONS......Page 85
MEDICAL RESEARCH COMBINED WITH MEDICAL CARE......Page 91
MILITARY AND OTHER SPECIAL INTEREST RESEARCH......Page 92
CHAPTER SUMMARY......Page 94
Applying Concepts......Page 95
SUGGESTED READING......Page 97
FURTHER READING......Page 98
PART II: SEEKING ANSWERS: HOW THE QUESTION DRIVES THE METHODS......Page 99
CHAPTER OBJECTIVES......Page 101
INFORMATIONAL SOURCES AND THE REFERENCE LIBRARIAN......Page 102
ELECTRONIC SOURCES AND DATABASES......Page 103
SEARCH STRATEGIES......Page 104
CRITICAL REVIEW AND APPRAISAL......Page 105
KEY POINTS......Page 110
Applying Concepts......Page 111
REFERENCES......Page 112
KEY TERMS......Page 113
INTRODUCTION......Page 114
EVIDENCE ACROSS PATIENT CARE......Page 115
IS ALL EVIDENCE EQUAL? LEVELS OF EVIDENCE......Page 116
RELEVANCE OF EVIDENCE TO PROBLEM......Page 127
CHAPTER SUMMARY......Page 128
KEY POINTS......Page 129
REFERENCES......Page 130
CHAPTER OBJECTIVES......Page 132
WHAT IS QUALITATIVE INQUIRY?......Page 133
OBJECTIVES OF QUALITATIVE RESEARCH......Page 134
TYPES OF QUALITATIVE RESEARCH......Page 135
METHODS OF QUALITATIVE INQUIRY......Page 137
TYPES OF QUALITATIVE DATA COLLECTION......Page 138
PERSPECTIVES AND THEORETICAL TRADITIONS......Page 139
RELIABILITY OF QUALITATIVE RESEARCH (DEPENDABILITY)......Page 143
THE HEALTH PROFESSION AND PROFESSIONALS AS A COMMUNITY WITH MULTIPLE ROLES......Page 144
CHAPTER SUMMARY......Page 145
ACKNOWLEDGMENT......Page 146
REFERENCES......Page 147
KEY TERMS......Page 148
CHARACTERISTICS OF QUANTITATIVE INQUIRY......Page 149
CHAPTER SUMMARY......Page 160
Applying Concepts......Page 161
SUGGESTED READING......Page 162
KEY TERMS......Page 163
TYPES OF QUANTITATIVE DATA......Page 164
VALIDITY......Page 165
RELIABILITY, AGREEMENT, AND PRECISION OF MEASURES......Page 169
Critical Thinking Questions......Page 177
SUGGESTED READING......Page 178
CHAPTER OBJECTIVES......Page 179
INTRODUCTION......Page 180
SELECTING STATISTICS AND TYPES OF DATA......Page 181
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE......Page 184
INTERPRETING F......Page 189
ALPHA VALUES AND TYPES OF ERROR......Page 191
COMPLEX DESIGNS AND TERMINOLOGY......Page 193
INTERACTION......Page 194
LEVELS OF VARIABLES......Page 196
PLANNED COMPARISON AND POST-HOC ANALYSIS......Page 197
ANALYSIS OF COVARIANCE......Page 198
T-TESTS......Page 199
SIGNIFICANCE AND CONFIDENCE INTERVALS......Page 202
EFFECT SIZES......Page 207
NONPARAMETRIC STATISTICS......Page 208
MANN–WHITNEY U EXAMPLE SCENARIO......Page 211
A NOTE ON PARAMETRIC ANALYSIS OF ORDINAL DATA......Page 213
CHAPTER SUMMARY......Page 214
KEY POINTS......Page 215
Applying Concepts......Page 216
SUGGESTED READING......Page 217
KEY TERMS......Page 218
PURPOSE AND METHODS......Page 219
DATA ANALYSIS......Page 221
REGRESSION......Page 222
INTERPRETING ρ AND R2......Page 229
MANAGING ORDINAL AND NOMINAL DATA......Page 231
ASSOCIATION VERSUS CAUSE......Page 234
KEY POINTS......Page 235
SUGGESTED READING......Page 236
PART III: CLINICAL RESEARCH: DIAGNOSIS, PREVENTION, AND TREATMENT......Page 237
CHAPTER OBJECTIVES......Page 239
INTRODUCTION......Page 240
PHYSICAL EXAMINATION PROCEDURES......Page 241
HOW CAN CLINICAL RESEARCH IMPROVE PATIENT EVALUATION?......Page 242
DESIGN OF STUDIES OF DIAGNOSTIC TESTING......Page 243
ASSESSING RESEARCH OF DIAGNOSTIC INSTRUMENTS......Page 246
STATISTICS AND INTERPRETATIONS......Page 248
THE BASICS—SENSITIVITY AND SPECIFICITY......Page 250
LIKELIHOOD RATIOS......Page 253
KEY POINTS......Page 260
REFERENCES......Page 261
SUGGESTED READING......Page 262
CHAPTER OBJECTIVES......Page 263
MODEL OF INJURY PREVENTION......Page 264
RISK IDENTIFICATION: RESEARCH DESIGN ISSUES......Page 266
ESTIMATING INJURY RATES AND RISKS......Page 272
STATISTICAL ANALYSIS......Page 275
CHAPTER SUMMARY......Page 279
Applying Concepts......Page 281
REFERENCES......Page 282
KEY TERMS......Page 283
TYPES OF OUTCOMES MEASURES......Page 284
DISABLEMENT MODELS......Page 285
CLINICIAN-DERIVED MEASURES......Page 289
GLOBAL HEALTH MEASURES......Page 290
CONDITION-, REGION-, OR DIMENSION-SPECIFIC MEASURES......Page 291
SINGLE ITEM OUTCOMES MEASURES......Page 292
CHOOSING THE APPROPRIATE OUTCOMES INSTRUMENTS......Page 293
Critical Thinking Questions......Page 295
REFERENCES......Page 296
KEY TERMS......Page 297
BUILDING AN INFRASTRUCTURE TO MEASURE TREATMENT OUTCOMES......Page 298
STUDY DESIGNS......Page 299
DATA ANALYSIS: STATISTICAL SIGNIFICANCE VERSUS CLINICAL MEANINGFULNESS......Page 306
CLINICAL PREDICTION RULES......Page 313
KEY POINTS......Page 315
Applying Concepts......Page 316
SUGGESTED READING......Page 317
CHAPTER OBJECTIVES......Page 318
CLINICAL PREDICTION GUIDES......Page 319
DATA ANALYSIS......Page 321
CLINICAL PRACTICE GUIDELINES......Page 323
DIAGNOSTIC PRACTICE GUIDELINES AND GRADE OF RECOMMENDATION......Page 326
CHAPTER SUMMARY......Page 327
Applying Concepts......Page 328
REFERENCES......Page 329
KEY TERMS......Page 330
INTRODUCTION......Page 331
SYSTEMATIC REVIEW......Page 333
TRADITIONAL LITERATURE REVIEW VERSUS SYSTEMATIC REVIEW......Page 335
SYSTEMATIC REVIEW AS A RESEARCH PROCESS......Page 337
DATA SYNTHESIS......Page 338
CONSIDERATIONS FOR APPLYING THE RESULTS FROM SYSTEMATIC REVIEW TO THE CARE OF THE INDIVIDUAL PATIENT......Page 341
KEY POINTS......Page 348
Applying Concepts......Page 349
REFERENCES......Page 350
PART IV: DISSEMINATION OF RESEARCH......Page 351
KEY TERMS......Page 353
TYPES OF PRESENTATIONS......Page 354
Critical Thinking Questions......Page 368
REFERENCES......Page 369
INTRODUCTION......Page 370
HISTORY AND CULTURE OF GRANTS......Page 371
GRANT VERSUS CONTRACT......Page 372
SOURCES OF FUNDING......Page 374
GRANT WRITING FOR THE TWENTY-FIRST CENTURY: A RECIPE FOR SUCCESS......Page 377
GRANT WRITING VERSUS PUBLICATION AUTHORSHIP......Page 381
PREPARING A BUDGET......Page 394
CHAPTER SUMMARY......Page 399
KEY POINTS......Page 401
REFERENCES......Page 402
SUGGESTED READING......Page 403
PART V: INTEGRATING EVIDENCE-BASED MEDICINE INTO THE EDUCATIONAL EXPERIENCE......Page 405
CHAPTER OBJECTIVES......Page 407
INTRODUCTION......Page 408
LEARNING CRITICAL APPRAISAL......Page 409
LEARNING AND TEACHING FROM A BODY OF EVIDENCE......Page 411
PROBLEM-BASED LEARNING......Page 412
PROMOTING LEARNING AND ASSESSING OUTCOMES......Page 414
CHAPTER SUMMARY......Page 415
KEY POINTS......Page 417
REFERENCES......Page 418
KEY TERMS......Page 420
CASE REPORTS......Page 421
GRAND ROUNDS......Page 424
KEY POINTS......Page 427
REFERENCES......Page 428
GLOSSARY......Page 429
REFERENCES......Page 437
INDEX......Page 439