Research in Transportation Economics: Measuring the Marginal Social Cost of Transport, Vol. 14 (2005)

Cover......Page 1
Measuring the Marginal Social Cost of Transport......Page 4
Contents......Page 6
List of Contributors......Page 8
Acknowledgements......Page 10
Foreword......Page 12
Background......Page 16
Applying Marginal Social Cost Pricing theory to Transport......Page 18
A Critique of Marginal Cost-Based Pricing......Page 20
Developments in EC Transport Pricing Policy......Page 27
Resulting Research Needs......Page 30
References......Page 32
Introduction......Page 34
The Benchmark: The Marginal Social Cost Pricing Principle......Page 35
An Overview of Pricing Doctrines in a Selection of European Countries......Page 37
Differences about Teaching......Page 38
Differences about Political Doctrines......Page 39
Differences between Infrastructure Pricing Practice and Principles......Page 40
Criticisms of SRMC Pricing......Page 42
Alternative Concepts......Page 43
The First Best Situation......Page 46
Monopolistic Markets......Page 47
The Limits of Partial Analysis. Advantages of a General Equilibrium Analysis......Page 48
Problems of Uncertainty, Information and Institutions......Page 49
Prices or Quantities Regulations......Page 50
How to Induce Efficiency in Operations?......Page 51
Relations between the Infrastructure Manager and the Regulator......Page 52
Problems of Jurisdictions......Page 53
Conclusions on Information, Uncertainty and Institutions......Page 54
Overall Conclusions......Page 55
References......Page 57
Introduction......Page 64
Methodological Issues in Measuring Marginal Infrastructure Costs......Page 65
Econometric Approaches......Page 66
Output Definition and Separation......Page 68
Input Prices......Page 69
Engineering Approaches for Marginal Cost Estimation......Page 70
Methodological Issues and Marginal Cost Estimates Per Mode of Transport......Page 72
An Econometric Approach......Page 74
An Analytical Approach......Page 77
Summary......Page 81
Rail......Page 82
The Swedish Study......Page 83
The British Study......Page 89
Summary......Page 90
Conclusions for Policy and Research......Page 94
Notes......Page 95
References......Page 96
Introduction......Page 100
Methodology......Page 101
Introduction......Page 104
Review of Air Transport-Specific Literature and Reporting of Marginal Cost Estimates......Page 107
Introduction......Page 121
Review of Rail Transport-Specific Literature and Reporting of Marginal Cost Estimates......Page 123
Introduction......Page 126
Review of Urban Specific Literature and Reporting of Marginal Cost Estimates......Page 128
Conclusion......Page 133
Notes......Page 136
References......Page 137
Introduction......Page 140
The Cost Side: Estimating Congestion Costs......Page 141
The Valuation of Travel Time......Page 142
Speed-Flow Functions......Page 144
Demand Functions and System Specifications......Page 150
Application: The Congestion Cost Case Studies......Page 152
The Mohring Effect in Public Transport Policy Analysis......Page 154
The Generalised Mohring Effect......Page 155
The Relative Size of the Mohring Effect in Public Transport......Page 157
MC Pricing of Public Transport and the Mohring Effect......Page 158
The Headway Cost in the Whole Range of Service Frequency......Page 160
Conceptual Discussion: Frequency Delay......Page 161
The Empirical Headway Cost Function......Page 163
An Alternative Approach......Page 165
Notes......Page 167
References......Page 168
Introduction......Page 170
Valuation of Accidents......Page 171
Marginal Cost of Accidents......Page 174
A Formal Derivation of the Marginal Cost......Page 175
The Risk Elasticity......Page 176
A General Example......Page 177
Railway Level Crossing Accidents......Page 178
Heavy Goods Vehicles......Page 186
Risk-Avoiding Behaviour......Page 192
Liability......Page 194
Notes......Page 195
References......Page 196
Introduction......Page 200
Relevant Cost Categories......Page 202
Methodology......Page 204
Uncertainties and Gaps......Page 206
Costs Due to Air Pollution......Page 209
Road Transport......Page 210
Indirect Emissions from Electricity Production and Fuel Production......Page 213
Generalisation Aspects......Page 214
Costs Due to Noise......Page 215
Costs Due to Global Warming......Page 217
Methodology......Page 220
Policy......Page 221
Research......Page 222
References......Page 223
Introduction......Page 226
The Pricing Scenarios......Page 228
The Models: Partial versus General Equilibrium Approach......Page 229
The TRENEN Model in Brief......Page 230
The Implementation of the Pricing Scenarios in TRENEN......Page 232
Tax Levels......Page 233
Traffic Level and Composition......Page 235
Welfare Impacts......Page 236
The Indirect Effects of Alternative Pricing Approaches......Page 237
The CGE Model for Belgium......Page 238
Marginal Social Cost Pricing......Page 241
Average Cost Pricing......Page 242
Marginal Social Cost Pricing......Page 243
Average Cost Pricing......Page 245
The Transport Accounts......Page 246
Marginal Social Cost Pricing......Page 250
Average Cost Pricing......Page 252
Conclusions......Page 253
Notes......Page 254
References......Page 257
The Policy Context......Page 260
Cost Information as a Basic Prerequisite......Page 261
Impacts of Institutional Factors on Supply (Costs) and Demand (Prices)......Page 263
Loading/Unloading – Shipper/Consignee......Page 265
Marshalling Yard Transfer......Page 266
Main Haulage: Maritime......Page 267
An Integrated Accounting Framework for Intermodal Freight Transport......Page 268
Efficiency of Operations......Page 273
The Scale of Movement......Page 274
The RECORDIT Corridors......Page 278
Methodology......Page 281
Cost Values......Page 282
Cost Values......Page 283
Assessing Market Imbalances: Current Cost Coverage of Competing Options......Page 286
Increasing the Competitiveness of Intermodal Transport through the Reduction of Costs......Page 287
Rail Interoperability and Efficiency Improvements in Terminals/Transhipment Operations......Page 288
Rationalising Pre- and Post-Haulage Operations......Page 289
Load Factor......Page 290
Type of Truck Technology......Page 292
Rail Haul Improvements......Page 293
Charging for Door-to-Door Intermodal Services......Page 294
From Corridors to Countries......Page 295
Impacts of Internalisation on Intermodal Demand......Page 297
Conclusion......Page 299
References......Page 300
Introduction......Page 302
Empirical Results......Page 303
Measurement and Transferability......Page 306
Generalisation of Marginal costs of Infrastructure Use......Page 310
Generalisation Aspects of Supplier Operating Costs......Page 312
Generalisation Aspects of User Costs and Benefits......Page 313
Generalisation Aspects on Marginal Costs of Accidents......Page 316
Generalisation Aspects of Marginal Environmental Costs......Page 317
Transfer of Money Values......Page 321
Transfer of Functional Form and Input Values......Page 326
Transfer of Output Values......Page 327
References......Page 329
Introduction......Page 330
Towards Implementation of Marginal Social Cost Based Pricing in Transport......Page 332
Conclusions......Page 338
References......Page 341
Author Index......Page 342
Subject Index......Page 348