Research In Communication Sciences And Disorders: Methods For Systematic Inquiry

Preface......Page 12
Systematic Inquiry......Page 16
Some Roles for Research......Page 17
Types of Research......Page 20
Getting Started with Research......Page 22
Review Questions......Page 24
References......Page 25
Protection of Human Participants......Page 28
Special Protections......Page 31
Historical Perspective......Page 32
Avoiding Conflicts of Interest......Page 38
Attribution of Ideas......Page 40
Accuracy in Reporting Information......Page 42
Confidentiality and Privacy......Page 43
Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act HIPAA......Page 44
Summary......Page 45
Learning Activities......Page 46
References......Page 48
Responsible Conduct of Research Scenario......Page 51
Discussion Questions......Page 52
Identifying Important Questions......Page 54
Formulating Research Questions......Page 57
Ways to Formulate a Research Problem......Page 59
Evidence-Based Practice Questions......Page 64
Criteria for Well-Formed Questions......Page 66
Establishing Validity and Reliability......Page 67
Review Questions......Page 73
Learning Activities......Page 74
References......Page 75
Purposes of a Literature Search......Page 78
Search Tools......Page 80
Designing a Search Strategy......Page 85
Organizing and Documenting Your Literature Search......Page 87
Summary......Page 90
Learning Activities......Page 91
References......Page 92
Appendix 4–1. Electronic Literature Search......Page 95
Nonexperimental Research Designs......Page 104
Survey Research......Page 105
Case Studies......Page 107
Longitudinal Research......Page 108
Correlation and Regression......Page 109
Group Comparisons......Page 110
Causal-Comparative Research......Page 111
Qualitative Research......Page 113
Ethnography......Page 115
Case Study......Page 116
Phenomenology......Page 117
Conversation Analysis......Page 118
Scientific Rigor in Qualitative Research......Page 119
Summary......Page 121
Review Questions......Page 122
Learning Activities......Page 123
References......Page 125
Chapter 6 Experimental Research and Levels of Evidence......Page 130
Experimental Research Designs......Page 131
Posttest-Only Designs......Page 132
Pretest–Posttest Randomized Control Group Design......Page 133
Solomon Randomized Four-Group Design......Page 134
Factorial Designs......Page 135
History......Page 140
Instrumentation......Page 142
Mortality......Page 143
Nonequivalent Control Group Designs......Page 144
Repeated Measures Group Design......Page 146
Single-Subject Designs......Page 148
Single-Subject Design Quality......Page 153
Experimental Designs and Levels of Evidence......Page 155
Summary......Page 158
Review Questions......Page 160
Learning Activities......Page 161
References......Page 162
Appendix 6–1. Research Scenario......Page 166
Populations and Samples......Page 168
Sample Characteristics......Page 170
Simple Random Sampling......Page 171
Stratified Random Sampling......Page 172
Purposive Sampling......Page 174
Random Assignment......Page 175
Sample Size......Page 177
Summary......Page 179
Review Questions......Page 180
References......Page 181
Levels of Measurement......Page 184
Visual Representation of Data......Page 186
Descriptive Statistics......Page 190
Frequencies and Percentages......Page 191
Measures of Central Tendency......Page 193
Measures of Variability......Page 195
Means as Estimates......Page 197
Shapes of Distributions......Page 198
Summary......Page 201
Review Questions......Page 202
References......Page 203
Inferential Statistics......Page 206
Measures of Association......Page 208
Pearson Product-Moment Correlation Coefficient......Page 209
Spearman Rank-Order Correlation......Page 213
Chi Square and Contingency Coefficient......Page 214
Simple Regression and Multiple Regression......Page 216
Independent and Paired t-Tests......Page 219
Confidence Intervals......Page 222
Mann-Whitney U......Page 224
Sign Test and Wilcoxon Matched-Pairs Signed-Ranks Test......Page 225
Testing for Differences Among Three or More Samples......Page 226
Statistical Analysis for Factorial Designs......Page 231
Additional Tools for Analyzing Clinical Data......Page 233
Caution in the Use and Reporting of Statistics......Page 235
Summary......Page 236
Review Questions......Page 237
Learning Activities......Page 238
References......Page 241
Knowledge Base for Evaluating Clinical Research......Page 244
Critical Appraisal......Page 245
How Applicable Are the Findings......Page 251
Components of a Research Report......Page 252
More on the Review of Literature......Page 255
Writing Guidelines and Writing Style......Page 256
Disseminating Research Findings......Page 258
Summary......Page 259
Review Questions......Page 260
Learning Activities......Page 261
References......Page 262
Index......Page 264