Research Challenges in Science, Engineering and Technology

Contents
Preface
Chapter 1
Evaluation and Learning Methods  of Artificial Intelligence
	Abstract
	Introduction
	Literature Review
	History of Artificial Intelligence
		Maturation of Artificial Intelligence (1943-1952)
		The Golden Years-Early Enthusiasm (1956-1974)
		The First AI Winter (1974-1980)
		A Boom of AI (1980-1987)
		The Second AI Winter (1987-1993)
		The Emergence of Intelligent Agents (1993-2011)
		Deep Learning, Big Data, and Artificial General Intelligence (2011-Present)
	Components of AI
		The User Interface
		The Information Base
		The Shell or interface Engine
	Branches of Artificial Intelligence
		Genetic Programming
		Ontology
		Epistemology
		Heuristics
	Benefits of Artificial Intelligence
		Search and Optimization
		Logic
		Probabilistic Methods for Uncertain Reasoning
		Classifiers and Statistical Learning Methods
	Neural Networks
	Optimisation
		Function Optimization
		Planning
		Machine Learning
		Neural Network
		Inductive Programming
		Decision Tree Learning
		Data Mining
		Bayesian Networks
	Comparison Results and Discussion
	Conclusion
	Future Scope
	References
Chapter 2
Computerised Medical  Image Processing
	Abstract
		Introduction
		Objective
		Background
		Conclusion
	Introduction
		Fundamental Steps in Image Processing
		Medical Imaging Procedures
		CT Scanners
			Working
			Advantages
			Disadvantages
		MRI Scanners
			Working
			Advantages
			Disadvantages
		Nuclear Medicine Imaging  (Positron Emission Tomography)
			Working
			Advantages
			Disadvantages
		Ultrasound
			Working
			Advantages
			Disadvantages
		X-Rays
			Working
			Advantages
			Disadvantages
		Applications of MRI Scan in Medical Diagnosis
		Advanced Technologies for Medical Imaging Systems
		Medical Imaging in the Cloud
	The Future of Medical Imaging:  AI, Cloud and Beyond
	Conclusion
	References
Chapter 3
A Review on Data Driven Based Discrimination Techniques between Faults and Power Swing for Hybrid Renewable Energy Systems
	Abstract
	Introduction
	Support Vector Machine
	Decision Tree
	Random Forest
	Convolutional Neural Network
	Future Works
	Conclusion
	References
Chapter 4
Antimicrobial Behaviour  of Substituted Styryl  3-Nitro-4-Chlorophenyl Ketone
	Abstract
	Introduction
	Results and Discussion
		IR Spectral Study
	1H NMR Spectral Study
	13C NMR Spectral Study
		Antimicrobial Activities
			Antibacterial Activities of Substituted Styryl 3-Nitro-4-Chlorophenyl Ketones
			Antifungal Activities of Substituted Styryl 3-Nitro-4-Chlorophenyl Ketones
	Experiment
		Chemistry
		Synthesis of Substituted Styryl 3-Nitro-4-Chlorophenyl Ketones
			Styryl 3-Nitro-4-Chlorophenyl Ketone
			3-Bromostyryl 3-Nitro-4-Chlorophenyl Ketone
			4-Bromostyryl 3-Nitro-4-Chlorophenyl Ketone
			3-Chlorostyryl 3-Nitro-4-Chlorophenyl Ketone
			4-Chlorostyryl 3-Nitro-4-Chlorophenyl Ketone
			3-Fluorostyryl 3-Nitro-4-Chlorophenyl Ketone
			3-Hydroxystyryl 3-Nitro-4-Chlorophenyl Ketone
			2-Methoxystyryl 3-Nitro-4-Chlorophenyl Ketone
			4-Methoxystyryl 3-Nitro-4-Chlorophenyl Ketone
			3-Nitrostyryl 3-Nitro-4-Chlorophenyl Ketone
	Conclusion
	References
Chapter 5
Computation of Congestion  Cost in Transmission Lines
	Abstract
	Introduction
	Problem Formulation
		Application of Power World Simulator  in the Proposed Work
	Transmission Congestion Cost Calculation
	Results and Discussion
	Conclusion
	References
Chapter 6
Human Computer Interaction for Detection of Hand Gesture Using 3D Convolutional Neural Network in Machine Learning Techniques
	Abstract
	1. Introduction
		1.1.
		1.1. The Importance of the User Interface
		1.2. HCI with Hand Gesture
		1.3. Types of HCI
	2. Related Work
	3. Hand Gesture Recognition Model
		3.1. Convolutional Neural Network
		3.2. Baseline CNN Architecture: CNN
		3.3. Adapted CNN Architecture: ADCNN
			3.3.1. Data Augmentation
		3.4. Double-Channel (CNN)
	4. 3D Convolutional Neural Networks
		4.1. Video Preprocessing
		4.2. Feature Learning and Classification
	Conclusion
	References
Chapter 7
Community Energy Storage: National and International Scenario - A Review
	Abstract
	Introduction
	Community Energy Storage –  International Scenario
	Community Energy Storage - National Scenario
	Conclusion
	References
	About the Authors
Chapter 8
Modelling of Multi-Input Three Level DC-DC Converter
	Abstract
	Introduction
	Proposed Multi-Input Isolated  Three-Level DC/DC Converter
		Topology Description
		Operation Principle
	Simulink Model
	Simulation Output
	Conclusion
	References
Chapter 9
E-Learning and Beyond:  The Future of Technology in Education
	Abstract
	Introduction
	E-Learning
	Online Learning Strategies for Active Learning
	Recommendations
	References
Chapter 10
State of Charge Estimation Techniques Using the Filter-Based and Data-Driven Approach: A Review
	Abstract
	Introduction
	Filter Based Estimation Methods for SOC
		SOC Estimation Using Kalman Filter
		SOC Estimation Using Extended Kalman Filter
		SOC Estimation Using Unscented Kalman Filter
	Data Driven Based Estimation Methods for SOC
		SOC Estimation Using Support Vector Machine (SVM)
		SOC Estimation Using Neural Networks
			Artificial Neural Networks (ANNs)
	NIO Feed forward Neural Networks (NIO FFNs)
	NARX Feed Back Neural Networks (NARX BPNs)
		Fine Tuning of the Artificial Neural Networks (ANNs)  and Comparative Analysis
	Deep Feedforward Neural Networks (DNNs)
	Recurrent Neural Networks (RNNs)
		Reinforcement Learning (RL) Approach
	Future Works in SOC
	Conclusion
	Conflict of Interest
	Acknowledgments
	References
Chapter 11
A Superlative Set Theory for the Prediction of Diabetic Risk
	Abstract
	Introduction
	Literature Survey
	Superlative Soft Sets Rule Mining
		Definition I
			Illustration
		Definition II
		Fuzzified Dataset
		Conversion of Fuzzy Sets to Superlative Sets
		Reducing the Soft Set Parameters
		Soft Rules Generation
		Investigation Superlative Rules
	Performance Evaluation
	Conclusion
	References
Chapter 12
Investigation of Boost Converter Using Enhanced Dynamic Power Factor Rectification
	Abstract
	1. Introduction
	2. Boost Converter
		2.1. Method 1
		2.2. Mode 2
		2.3. Boost Converter Equations [5]
	3. Power Loss Analysis Calculation for Boost Converter
		3.1. Power Loss of Mosfet
		3.2. Calculation for Power Loss of Mosfet
		3.3. Power Loss of Diode
	4. Power Factor Correction  for Boost Converter
	Conclusion
	References
Chapter 13
Hydrogen Fuel Cell for Automobile Industries: A Review
	Abstract
	Introduction
		Basic Working Principle of Fuel Cell
		Alkali Fuel Cell
			Working
		Phosphoric Acid Fuel Cell
			Working
		Solid Oxide Fuel Cell
			Working
		Molten Carbonate Fuel Cell
			Working
		Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell
			Working
		Direct Methanol Fuel Cell
		Membrane
		Polymer Electrolytes
		Proton Exchange Membrane
		Advantages
		Disadvantages
	Comparison of Fuel Cell Electric Vehicles  with Battery Electric Vehicles
		Based on the Mass Density
		Based on the Refueling Time
		Based on the Costs
		Challenges of Hydrogen Fuel Cell
		Barriers in Commercialization of Fuel Cells
		Cost of Fuel Cell
		Technical Barriers
		Hydrogen Infrastructure
	Future Works
	Conclusion
	Conflict of Interest
	References
Chapter 14
MediSearch: A Framework  for Keyword Search on Medical Terms Related to Air Pollution
	Abstract
	Introduction
	Air Pollution and Their Health Impacts
		Nitrogen Oxide (NO2)
		Sulphur Dioxide (SO2)
		Ozone
		Particulate Matter
		Carbon Monoxide (CO)
	Literature Survey
	MediSearch
		Row Generator
		Document Generator
			Algorithm 1: Document Generator Algorithm
		Indexer
	Results
	Conclusion
	References
Chapter 15
Automatic Hibiscus Leaf Disease Detection and Classification Using Unsupervised Learning Techniques
	Abstract
	1. Introduction
	2. Literature Survey
	3. Procedure for Hibiscus Leaf Disease  Detection and Classification
		3.1. Image Acquisition
		3.2. Image Preprocessing
		3.3. Image Segmentation
		3.4. Feature Extraction
		3.5. Classification
	4. Results and Discussion
	Conclusion
	References
Chapter 16
Recent Trends  in Solar Energy Generation, Challenges and Opportunities
	Abstract
	1. Introduction
	2. Solar Energy
	3. Solar Energy Project
	4. Solar Photovoltaic
	Conclusion
	References
Chapter 17
Optimized Antireflection Coatings  for Higher Efficiency ZnO Solar Cell
	Abstract
	1. Introduction
		1.1. Nano-Crystal Solar Cell
		1.2. Key Efficiency Parameters of a DSC
		1.3. Key Components of the DSC
		1.4. Substrates for the DSC
		1.5. Ti02 as the Photoelectrode
	2. Procedure for the Preparation of DSCs
		2.1. Dyes for DSC Photosensitizers
	3. Electrolytes for the DSC
	4. The Counter Electrode
		4.1. Effect of the Thickness of ZnO Photo Electrode  in DSSC
	5. Result and Discussion
		5.1. Efficient Anti-Reflective Coating in ZnO DSSC
	Conclusion
	References
Chapter 18
Structural Properties  of Fe Doped ZnO Nanoparticles
	Abstract
	1. Introduction
		1.1. Introduction of Nanotechnology
			1.1.1. Ferrite
			1.1.2. Zinc Ferrite
				1.1.2.1. Application of Zinc Ferrite
			1.1.3. Objective of the Present Work
	2. Materials and Synthesis Procedure
		2.1. Characterizations Techniques
	3. Results and Discussion
		3.1. Introduction
		3.2. Structural properties
			3.2.1. X-Ray Diffraction
			3.2.2. Fourier Transform Infra Red Spectroscopy (FTIR)
			3.2.3. Vibrating Sample Magnetometer (VSM)
	Conclusion
	References
Editors’ Contact Information
Index
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