Requirements Engineering: Foundation for Software Quality: 26th International Working Conference, REFSQ 2020, Pisa, Italy, March 24–27, 2020, Proceedings (Lecture Notes in Computer Science, 12045)

Preface
Organization
Contents
Requirements Specification
How Do Quantifiers Affect the Quality of Requirements?
	1 Introduction
	2 Background
		2.1 Quantifiers in the English Language
		2.2 Affirmative and Negative Sentences
		2.3 Requirements Readability
	3 Study Design
		3.1 Data Collection
		3.2 Study Objects and Treatments
		3.3 Subject Selection
		3.4 Data Analysis
		3.5 Experiment Validity
	4 Study Results
		4.1 Effects on Readability (RQ1)
		4.2 Effects on Comprehension (RQ2)
		4.3 Effects on Perceived Difficulty (RQ3)
		4.4 Summary of the Results
	5 Discussion
		5.1 Threats to Validity
		5.2 Interpretation and Writing Guidelines
		5.3 Relation to Existing Evidence
	6 Conclusion
	References
Generation of Formal Requirements from Structured Natural Language
	1 Introduction
	2 Background
	3 Requirements Language
	4 Compositional Formalization
	5 Verifying Formalizations
		5.1 Trace Generation
		5.2 Test Oracles
		5.3 Testing and Verification
	6 Lockheed Martin Cyber Physical Systems Challenge
	7 Conclusions
	References
Using Eye Tracking Data to Improve Requirements Specification Use
	1 Introduction
	2 Related Work
	3 Attention Visualizations on Requirements Specifications
	4 Experiment Design
		4.1 Research Questions and Metrics
		4.2 Hypotheses
		4.3 Design
		4.4 Material
		4.5 Collecting Data for Metrics
		4.6 Subjects\' Demography
		4.7 Setting and Procedure
	5 Analysis and Results
	6 Threats to Validity
	7 Discussion
	8 Conclusion
	References
Requirements Documentation
Hearing the Voice of Software Practitioners on Causes, Effects, and Practices to Deal with Documentation Debt
	1 Introduction
	2 Background
		2.1 Technical Debt
		2.2 The InsighTD Project
	3 Research Strategy
		3.1 Research Questions
		3.2 Method
	4 Surveying Software Practitioners on Causes and Effects of Documentation Debt (InsighTD)
		4.1 Data Collection
		4.2 Data Analysis
		4.3 Results
	5 Interview-Based Case Study
		5.1 Data Collection
		5.2 Data Analysis
		5.3 Results
	6 Discussion
		6.1 Theoretical Framework of Documentation Debt
	7 Threats to Validity
	8 Final Remarks
	References
Innovation Workshop Documentation for Following Software Engineering Activities
	1 Creative Problem Solving
	2 Problem
	3 Method
	4 Initial Results
	5 Further Research Plan
	References
Industrial Practices on Requirements Reuse: An Interview-Based Study
	1 Introduction
	2 Background
	3 Related Work
	4 The Study
	5 Results
		5.1 RQ1. Is Requirements Reuse a Usual Practice in Industry?
		5.2 RQ2. What Factors Influence the Level of Adoption of Requirements Reuse?
		5.3 RQ3. What Types of Requirements Are More Prone to Reuse?
		5.4 RQ4. What Is the Process Followed to Implement Requirements Reuse?
		5.5 RQ5. What Are the Benefits Brought by Requirements Reuse?
		5.6 RQ6. What Are the Challenges to Overcome in Requirements Reuse?
	6 Discussion
	7 Conclusions and Future Work
	References
Privacy and Legal Requirements
Disambiguating Requirements Through Syntax-Driven Semantic Analysis of Information Types
	1 Introduction
	2 Background
	3 Related Work
	4 Ontology Construction Method
		4.1 Lexicon Reduction
		4.2 Semantic Role Tags
		4.3 Syntactic Analysis of Information Types Using Context-Free Grammar
		4.4 Inferring Morphological Variants and Semantic Relations
	5 Evaluation and Results
		5.1 Evaluation Using Lexicon L1
		5.2 Evaluation Using Lexicon L2
	6 Threats to Validity
	7 Conclusion and Future Work
	References
On Understanding How Developers Perceive and Interpret Privacy Requirements Research Preview
	1 Introduction
	2 Research Method
	3 Results and Analysis
	4 Threats to Validity
	5 Final Considerations
	References
A Methodology for Implementing the Formal Legal-GRL Framework: A Research Preview
	1 Introduction
	2 Legal Requirements Extraction (Phase A) - Overview
		2.1 The Procedure of Generating Non-modal Statements
	3 An Example of Modeling with the FLG Procedure
	4 Literature Review
	5 Evaluation Plan
	6 Conclusion and Future Work
	References
Stakeholders Feedback and Training
Towards Integrating Data-Driven Requirements Engineering into the Software Development Process: A Vision Paper
	1 Vision
	2 Research Challenges
	3 Research Roadmap
	4 Conclusion
	References
Identifying and Classifying User Requirements in Online Feedbackpg via Crowdsourcing
	1 Introduction
	2 Related Work
	3 Kyōryoku: Crowd Annotation for Extracting Requirements-Related Contents from User Reviews
	4 Experiment Design and Conduction
	5 Results
		5.1 Demographics of the Gathered Crowd
		5.2 Job Statistics
		5.3 Outcome of the Crowd Work
	6 Threats to Validity
	7 Conclusion and Future Work
	References
Designing a Virtual Client for Requirements Elicitation Interviews
	1 Introduction
	2 An Overview of VICO
	3 Research Agenda
	4 Initial Prototype and Exploratory Study
	5 Conclusion
	References
Agile Methods and Requirements Comprehension
Explicit Alignment of Requirements and Architecture in Agile Development
	1 Introduction
	2 Background
	3 The RE4SA Model
		3.1 Representing Requirements and Architecture
		3.2 Relationships Between the RE4SA Concepts
		3.3 Architecture Discovery and Architecture Recovery
	4 Alignment Metrics
	5 The RE4SA Model in Practice
		5.1 Granularity: Exploring Refinement and Abstraction
		5.2 Alignment: Studying Allocation and Satisfaction
	6 Discussion
	7 Conclusion
	References
Applying Distributed Cognition Theory to Agile Requirements Engineering
	1 Introduction
	2 Background
	3 Research Design and Implementation
	4 The Context of the Field Work
	5 Results of the Distributed Cognition Analysis
		5.1 RQ 1: What Aspects of the Observed ARE Process Are Cognitively Significant?
		5.2 RQ 2: What Principles from DiCoT Are Important in the Observed ARE Process?
	6 Discussion
		6.1 The Observed Agile Requirements Prioritization Process: A High-Level View
		6.2 The Cognitive Role of the Prioritization Criteria
		6.3 The Cognitive Role of the User Story Cards
		6.4 The Important Cognitive Role of the Meeting Facilitator
		6.5 The Importance of the Face-to-Face Meeting as an Information Hub
		6.6 The Importance of the Room Layout
		6.7 The Need for a Diversity of Perspectives on User Story Value
		6.8 Secondary Cognitive Outcomes of the RP Process
	7 Reflections on the Application of DiCoT
	8 Threats to Validity
	9 Conclusion
	References
Automatic Word Embeddings-Based Glossary Term Extraction from Large-Sized Software Requirements
	1 Introduction
		1.1 Contributions
	2 Related Work
	3 Preliminaries
		3.1 Word Embeddings
		3.2 Crowd-Generated Requirements
	4 Approach
		4.1 Data Gathering
		4.2 Data Preprocessing
		4.3 Extracting Candidate Glossary Terms
		4.4 Semantic Filtering of Candidate Glossary Terms
	5 Results and Discussions
		5.1 Ground Truth Generation
		5.2 Precision and Recall
		5.3 Automated Glossary Term Extraction
		5.4 Coverage
		5.5 Advantages of Our Approach
		5.6 Limitations of Our Approach
	6 Conclusions and Future Work
	References
Requirements Modelling
Conceptualizing Requirements Using User Stories and Use Cases: A Controlled Experiment
	1 Introduction
	2 Background and Related Work
	3 Experiment Design
		3.1 Hypotheses
		3.2 Design
	4 Experiment Results
	5 Discussion
	6 Threats to Validity
	7 Summary
	References
A Semi-automated Approach to Generate an Adaptive Quality Attribute Relationship Matrix
	1 Introduction
	2 Related Work
	3 Proposed Approach
		3.1 Acquire Knowledge
		3.2 QARM Generation
	4 Research Methodology
		4.1 Research Questions
		4.2 Experimental Setup
		4.3 Data Gathering and Analysis
	5 Results and Discussion
		5.1 Results
		5.2 Discussion
	6 Threats to Validity
	7 Conclusions
	References
Evaluating the Effects of Different Requirements Representations on Writing Test Cases
	1 Introduction
	2 Related Work
	3 Research Method
	4 Results
		4.1 RQ1: Do the Different Representations of Requirements Affect the Produced Tests?
		4.2 RQ2: What Are the Challenges with Deriving Test Cases from the Different Requirements Representations?
	5 Discussion
		5.1 Threats to Validity
	6 Conclusion
	References
Requirements Visualization
Vision Meets Visualization: Are Animated Videos an Alternative?
	1 Videos as a Vision Mediator
	2 Application Context - Rural Areas
	3 Type of Content Representation - Animated and Real Video
	4 Related Work
	5 Experimental Design
		5.1 Hypotheses
		5.2 Material
		5.3 Selection of Participants
		5.4 Setting and Experiment Design
	6 Results
	7 Interpretation and Discussion
		7.1 Interpretation
		7.2 Discussion
		7.3 Threats to Validity
	8 Conclusion
	References
Requirements Assessment in Smart City Districts: A Motivation Concept for Citizens
	1 Introduction
	2 Related Work and Assumptions
	3 Approach
	4 Summary and Future Work
	References
Visualizing Feature-Level Evolution in Product Lines: A Research Preview
	1 Introduction
	2 Visualizing Feature Evolution Metrics
	3 Preliminary Evaluation
	4 Evaluation Plan
	5 Conclusions
	References
Correction to: Requirements Engineering: Foundation for Software Quality
	Correction to: N. Madhavji et al. (Eds.): Requirements Engineering: Foundation for Software Quality, LNCS 12045, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-44429-7
Author Index