Renewable energy technologies for water desalination

Content: 1. A critical overview of renewable energy technologies for desalination Hacene Mahmoudi, Noreddine Ghaffour, Mattheus F.A. Goosen & Jochen Bundschuh1.1 Introduction 1.2 Worldwide desalination capability and progress in renewable energy systems 1.3 Economics and improvement of thermal energy storage and backup systems 1.4 Combined renewable-energy-driven low-energy desalination processes 1.5 Market potential, environmental concerns, and regulatory and socioeconomic issues 1.6 Concluding remarks 2. The use of solar energy for small-scale autonomous desalination Patricia Palenzuela, Guillermo Zaragoza, Baltasar Penate, Vicente Subiela, Diego-Cesar Alarcon-Padilla & Lourdes Garcia-Rodriguez2.1 Introduction 2.2 Solar multi-effect distillation case study: Plataforma Solar De Almeria 2.3 Photovoltaic reverse osmosis case study: Ksar Ghilene plant 3. Application of solar nanophotocatalysis in reverse osmosis pretreatment processes Shaik Feroz3.1 Introduction 3.2 Reverse osmosis and feedwater pretreatment processes 3.3 Photocatalysis and oxidation of pollutants 3.4 Solar photo catalytic processess and removal of organic and inorganic compounds from water and air 3.5 Omani case study of reverse osmosis pretreatment using solar nanophotocatalysis 3.6 Concluding remarks 4. Metal oxide nanophotocatalysts for water purification Edreese Alsharaeh, Faheem Ahmed, Nishat Arshi & Meshael Alturki4.1 Introduction 4.2 Iron oxide nanomaterials 4.3 Graphene oxide-based nanocomposites 4.4 Iron oxide nanomaterials in wastewater treatment 4.5 Concluding remarks 5. Wind technology design and reverse osmosis systems for off-grid and grid-connected applications Eftihia Tzen, Kyriakos Rossis, Jaime Gonzalez, Pedro Cabrera, Baltasar Penate &Vicente Subiela5.1 Introduction 5.2 Wind energy technology overview 5.3 Wind desalination combinations 5.4 Wind desalination market 5.5 Conclusions 6. Geothermal energy/desalination concepts Thomas M. Missimer, Noreddine Ghaffour & Kim Choon Ng6.1 Introduction 6.2 Geothermal desalination concepts 6.3 Low-enthalpy direct hot water use desalination systems 6.4 Low-enthalpy hybrid systems: linking solar and geothermal systems 6.5 High-enthalpy geothermal desalination using dry steam or hot water directly 6.6 High-enthalpy hybrid geothermal-produced electricity and desalination systems 6.7 Life-cycle cost analysis combined with greenhouse gas emissions 6.8 Summary and conclusions 7. Fuel cells as an energy source for desalination applications Nadimul H. Faisal, Rehan Ahmed, Sheikh Z. Islam, Mamdud Hossain, Mattheus F.A. Goosen & Sai P. Katikaneni7.1 Introduction 7.2 Energy consumption in desalination 7.3 Integrated and hybrid systems: fuel cells with desalination 7.4 Energy, environmental and economic factors 7.5 Concluding remarks 8. Wind turbine electricity generation for desalination: design, application and commercialization Zhao Yong, Zheng Shuai & Chua Leok Poh8.1 Introduction 8.2 Installed wind capacities and the importance of turbine configuration and rotor design 8.3 Fluid-structure interactions and improving power efficiency, lifespan and stability during wind turbine operation 8.4 The economics of wind technology and desalination: future research directions 8.5 Concluding remarks 9. A critical review of fuel cell commercialization and its application in desalination Yousef Alyousef, Mattheus Goosen &Youssef Elakwah9.1 Introduction 9.2 The need to reduce energy consumption in the desalination sector 9.3 Development and commercialization of fuel cells and how this may help the desalination industry 9.4 Concluding remarks 10. Wireless networks employing renewable energy sources for industrial applications: innovations, trade-offs and operational considerations Mai Ali &Abd-Elhamid M. Taha10.1 Introduction 10.2 Reducing energy requirements by network configuration planning 10.3 Managing the requirements of wireless resource allocation 10.4 Powering the network by utilising renewable energy sources 10.5 Energy harvesting as an alternative in powering the network 10.6 The limits and trade-offs of green wireless networks and industrial applications 10.7 Concluding remarks 11. Fuel-cost apportionment and desalination technology selection based on exergy analysis M.W. Shahzad, Noreddine Ghaffour & Kim C. Ng11.1 Introduction and background 11.2 An exergetic analysis of a dual-purpose plant 11.3 Primary fuel-cost apportionment 11.4 Desalination method selection based on system efficiency 11.5 Summary 12. Achieving food security in the desalination age Eanna Farrell & Hassan Arafat12.1 Introduction 12.2 Food security and desalination in action - a GCC perspective 12.3 Drivers affecting food security 12.4 Human health - why we need food security 12.5 Solutions - working towards food security 12.6 Conclusion and recommendations 13. Renewable energy policy and mitigating the risks for investment Nadejda Komendantova13.1 Introduction 13.2 Obstacles to deployment and associated investment risks 13.3 The case study method for assessing barriers & risks 13.4 Case study results on mitigating investment risks 13.5 Concluding remarks 14. Integrating renewable energy sources into smart grids: opportunities and challenges Muhammad Anan14.1 Introduction 14.2 Opportunities 14.3 Challenges 14.4 Conclusions 15. Current trends and future prospects of renewable energy-driven desalination (RE-DES) Lourdes Garcia-Rodriguez15.1 Introduction 15.2 Assessment of current trends in re-des technologies 15.3 Future prospects for re-des technology development 15.4 Market opportunities