Renewable Energy Systems: Advanced Conversion Technologies and Applications

Renwable Energy Systems: Advanced Conversion Technologies and Applications......Page 4
Contents......Page 6
Preface......Page 24
Author......Page 28
1 Introduction......Page 30
1.1 Stars in the Universe......Page 31
1.3 Redshift and Big Bang......Page 34
1.4 Solar System......Page 36
1.5 The Earth......Page 41
1.5.2 Revolution and Rotation......Page 43
1.5.3 The Earth Is a Planet in the Solar System......Page 45
1.5.4 Layers of the Earth......Page 46
1.5.6 Water on the Earth......Page 47
1.5.7 Plates......Page 48
1.5.10 Protection of the Earth......Page 49
References......Page 50
2.1.1 Fission Process......Page 52
2.1.2 Chain Reactions......Page 53
2.2 Nuclear Fusion......Page 55
2.2.1 Fusion Process......Page 56
2.2.2 Hydrogen......Page 57
2.2.3 Fusion Reactions......Page 58
2.2.4 Hot Fusion......Page 59
2.3.1 Neutrino......Page 60
2.3.2.2 Geological......Page 61
2.3.2.5 By Supernovae......Page 62
2.3.2.6 By Supernova Remnants......Page 63
2.3.3 Neutrino Detection......Page 64
2.4 Conclusion......Page 65
References......Page 66
3.1.1 Economies of Scale......Page 68
3.1.3 Distributed Energy Resources......Page 69
3.2 Microgrid......Page 70
3.3 Smart Grid......Page 71
3.4 Solar Energy......Page 72
3.5 Renewable Energy......Page 75
References......Page 77
4.1.1 Symbols Used in Power Systems......Page 78
4.1.1.1 Summary of the Symbols......Page 80
4.1.2 Factors and Symbols Used in AC Power Systems......Page 81
4.1.2.1 Summary of the Symbols......Page 83
4.1.3 Factors and Symbols Used in DC Power Systems......Page 84
4.1.4 Factors and Symbols Used in Switching Power Systems......Page 85
4.1.4.1 Summary of the Symbols......Page 87
4.1.5.1 Very Small Damping Time Constant......Page 88
4.1.5.2 Small Damping Time Constant......Page 89
4.1.5.4 Large Damping Time Constant......Page 91
4.1.6 Fast Fourier Transform......Page 93
4.1.6.3 Nonperiodical Function......Page 94
4.1.6.4 Useful Formulae and Data......Page 95
4.1.6.5 Examples of FFT Applications......Page 96
4.2.1 Historic Problems......Page 101
4.3 DC/DC Converters......Page 102
4.3.3 Power Rate Checking......Page 103
4.4 DC/AC Inverters......Page 104
4.5 AC/AC Converters......Page 105
References......Page 106
5.1 Introduction......Page 108
5.2.1 R Load......Page 109
5.2.2 R–L Load......Page 111
5.2.2.1 Graphical Method......Page 114
5.2.2.2 Iterative Method 1......Page 115
5.2.2.3 Iterative Method 2......Page 116
5.2.3 R–L Circuit with Freewheeling Diode......Page 117
5.2.4 An R–L Load Circuit with a Back emf......Page 119
5.2.5 Single-Phase Half -Wave Rectifier with a Capacitive Filter......Page 123
5.3.1 R Load......Page 127
5.3.2 R–C Load......Page 131
5.3.3 R–L Load......Page 134
5.4.1 R Load......Page 136
5.4.2 R–L Load......Page 138
5.5.1 Six-Phase with Neutral Line Circuit......Page 139
5.5.2 Double Antistar with Balance-Choke Circuit......Page 140
5.7.1 Six-Phase Full-Wave Diode Rectifiers......Page 142
5.7.2 Six-Phase Double-Bridge Full-Wave Diode Rectifiers......Page 145
5.7.3 Six-Phase Double-Transformer Double-Bridge Full-Wave Diode Rectifiers......Page 147
References......Page 148
6.2 Single-Phase Half-Wave Controlled Converters......Page 150
6.2.1 R Load......Page 151
6.2.2 R–L Load......Page 152
6.2.3 R–L Load Plus Back emf Vc......Page 155
6.3 Single-Phase Full-Wave Controlled Converters......Page 157
6.3.1 α > ϕ, Discontinuous Load Current......Page 158
6.4 Three-Phase Half-Wave Controlled Rectifiers......Page 161
6.4.1 An R Load Circuit......Page 162
6.4.2 An R–L Load Circuit......Page 164
6.5.1 Six-Phase with Neutral Line Circuit......Page 166
6.5.2 Double Antistar with Balance-Choke Circuit......Page 168
6.6 Three-Phase Full-Wave Controlled Converters......Page 169
6.7 Multi-Phase Full-Wave Controlled Converters......Page 172
6.8 Effect of Line Inductance on Output Voltage (Overlap)......Page 176
References......Page 179
7.1 Introduction......Page 182
7.2 DC/DC Converterized Rectifiers......Page 183
7.3 PWM Boost-Type Rectifiers......Page 190
7.3.1.2 Constant-Tolerance-Band (Hysteresis) Control......Page 192
7.3.2 Sourc e-Side PWM Boost-Type Rectifiers......Page 195
7.4 Tapped-Transformer Converters......Page 197
7.5 Single-Stage Power Factor Correction AC/DC Converters......Page 200
7.5.1 Operating Principles......Page 203
7.5.2.1 Averaged Model over One Switching Period TS......Page 205
7.5.2.2 Averaged Model over One Half Line Period TL......Page 206
7.5.3 Simulation Results......Page 209
7.6 VIENNA Rectifiers......Page 210
7.6.1 Circuit Analysis and Principle of Operation......Page 215
7.6.2 Proposed Control Arithmetic......Page 218
7.6.3 Block Diagram of the Proposed Controller for VIENNA Rectifier......Page 220
7.6.4 Converter Design and Simulation Result......Page 222
7.6.5 Experimental Results......Page 224
References......Page 230
8.1 Introduction......Page 232
8.2.1.1 Voltage Relations......Page 234
8.2.1.2 Circuit Currents......Page 237
8.2.1.4 Capacitor Voltage Ripple......Page 238
8.2.2.1 Voltage Relations......Page 239
8.2.2.2 Circuit Currents......Page 241
8.2.3.1 Voltage and Current Relations......Page 242
8.2.3.2 CCM Operation and Circuit Currents......Page 243
8.3 Positive Output Buck-Boost Converter......Page 245
8.3.1 Buck Operation Mode......Page 246
8.3.4 Operation Control......Page 247
8.4.1 Forward Converter......Page 249
8.4.1.1 Fundamental Forward Converter......Page 251
8.4.2 Fly-Back Converter......Page 255
8.4.3 Push–Pull Converter......Page 256
8.4.5 Bridge Converter......Page 257
8.5 Developed Converters......Page 259
8.5.1 Positive Output Luo Converter (Elementary Circuit)......Page 260
8.5.2 Negative Output Luo Converter (Elementary Circuit)......Page 266
8.5.3 Double Output Luo Converter (Elementary Circuit)......Page 268
8.5.4 Cúk Converter......Page 269
8.5.5 Single-Ended Primary Inductance Converter......Page 272
8.6 Tapped-Inductor Converters......Page 274
References......Page 276
9.1 Introduction......Page 278
9.2 Seven Self-Lift Converters......Page 279
9.2.1.1 Continuous Conduction Mode......Page 281
9.2.1.2 Discontinuous Conduction Mode......Page 284
9.2.2 Self-Lift P/O Luo Converter......Page 287
9.2.2.1 Continuous Conduction Mode......Page 288
9.2.2.2 Discontinuous Conduction Mode......Page 289
9.2.3.1 Continuous Conduction Mode......Page 291
9.2.3.2 Discontinuous Conduction Mode......Page 293
9.2.4.1 Continuous Conduction Mode......Page 295
9.2.4.2 Discontinuous Conduction Mode......Page 296
9.2.5.1 Continuous Conduction Mode......Page 297
9.2.5.2 Discontinuous Conduction Mode......Page 300
9.2.6.1 Continuous Conduction Mode......Page 301
9.2.6.2 Discontinuous Conduction Mode......Page 304
9.2.7 Enhanced Self-Lift P/O Luo Converter......Page 305
9.3.1 Re-Lift Circuit......Page 307
9.3.2 Triple-Lift Circuit......Page 314
9.3.3 Quadruple-Lift Circuit......Page 317
9.3.4 Summary......Page 321
9.4.1 Re-Lift Circuit......Page 324
9.4.2 N/O Triple-Lift Circuit......Page 329
9.4.3 N/O Quadruple-Lift Circuit......Page 332
9.4.4 Summary......Page 334
9.5.1 Self-Lift Circuit......Page 337
9.5.2 Re-Lift Circuit......Page 340
9.5.3 Multilift Circuit......Page 342
9.6 Double-Output Luo Converters......Page 344
9.6.1.1 Positive Conversion Path......Page 345
9.6.1.2 Negative Conversion Path......Page 347
9.6.1.3 Discontinuous Conduction Mode......Page 350
9.6.2.1 Positive Conversion Path......Page 351
9.6.2.2 Negative Conversion Path......Page 354
9.6.2.3 Discontinuous Conduction Mode......Page 356
9.6.3 Triple-Lift Circuit......Page 358
9.6.3.1 Positive Conversion Path......Page 359
9.6.3.2 Negative Conversion Path......Page 360
9.6.3.3 Discontinuous Mode......Page 361
9.6.4 Quadruple-Lift Circuit......Page 363
9.6.4.1 Positive Conversion Path......Page 364
9.6.4.2 Negative Conversion Path......Page 365
9.6.4.3 Discontinuous Conduction Mode......Page 366
9.6.5.1 Positive Conversion Path......Page 368
9.6.5.2 Negative Conversion Path......Page 369
9.6.5.3 Common Parameters......Page 370
9.7.1 Elementary Self-Lift Cúk Circuit......Page 372
9.7.3 Re-Lift Cúk Circuit......Page 373
9.7.4 Multiple-Lift Cúk Circuit......Page 374
9.7.5 Simulation and Experimental Verification of Elementary and Developed Self-Lift Circuits......Page 375
9.8.1 Self-Lift SEPIC......Page 377
9.8.2 Re-Lift SEPIC......Page 378
9.8.3 Multiple-Lift SEPICs......Page 379
9.8.4 Simulation and Experimental Results of a Re-Lift SEPIC......Page 380
9.9.1 Elementary Circuit......Page 381
9.9.2 Self-Lift Double-Output Circuit......Page 382
9.9.3 Enhanced Series Double-Output Circuits......Page 383
9.9.4 Simulation and Experimental Verification of an Enhanced Double-Output Self-Lift Circuit......Page 385
9.10 Switched-Capacitorized Converters......Page 386
9.10.1.1 Operation Analysis......Page 389
9.10.1.2 Simulation and Experimental Results......Page 390
9.10.2 Two-Stage Switched-Capacitorized Buck-Boost Converter......Page 391
9.10.2.2 Simulation and Experimental Results......Page 392
9.10.3 Three-Stage Switched-Capacitorized P/O Luo Converter......Page 393
9.10.3.2 Simulation and Experimental Results......Page 394
9.10.4.1 Operation Analysis......Page 395
9.10.4.2 Simulation and Experimental Results......Page 396
9.10.5.1 Voltage Drop across the Switched Capacitors......Page 397
9.10.5.2 Necessity of the Voltage Drop across the Switched Capacitors and Energy Transfer......Page 398
9.10.5.5 Suppression of the Inrush and Surge Input Current......Page 399
References......Page 402
10.2 P/O SL Luo Converters......Page 406
10.2.1.1 Elementary Circuit......Page 407
10.2.1.2 Re-Lift Circuit......Page 410
10.2.1.3 Triple-Lift Circuit......Page 411
10.2.1.4 Higher-Order Lift-Circuit......Page 412
10.2.2.1 Elementary Additional Circuit......Page 413
10.2.2.2 Re-Lift Additional Circuit......Page 415
10.2.2.3 Triple-Lift Additional Circuit......Page 417
10.2.3 Enhanced Series......Page 419
10.2.3.2 Re-Lift Enhanced Circuit......Page 420
10.2.3.3 Triple-Lift Enhanced Circuit......Page 422
10.2.4 Re-Enhanced Series......Page 424
10.2.4.1 Elementary Re-Enhanced Circuit......Page 425
10.2.4.2 Re-Lift Re-Enhanced Circuit......Page 428
10.2.4.3 Triple-Lift Re-Enhanced Circuit......Page 429
10.2.4.4 Higher-Order-Lift Re-Enhanced Circuit......Page 430
10.2.5 Multiple-(j)Enhanced Series......Page 431
10.2.5.1 Elementary Multiple-Enhanced Circuit......Page 432
10.2.5.2 Re-Lift Multiple-(j)Enhanced Circuit......Page 434
10.2.5.3 Triple-Lift Multiple(j)-Enhanced Circuit......Page 435
10.2.5.4 Higher-Order-Lift Multiple-Enhanced Circuit......Page 436
10.2.6 Summary of P/O SL Luo Converters......Page 437
10.3 N/O SL Luo Converters......Page 439
10.3.1.1 N/O Elementary Circuit......Page 440
10.3.1.2 N/O Re-Lift Circuit......Page 443
10.3.1.3 N/O Triple-Lift Circuit......Page 445
10.3.1.4 N/O Higher-Order-Lift Circuit......Page 446
10.3.2.1 N/O Elementary Additional Circuit......Page 447
10.3.2.2 N/O Re-Lift Additional Circuit......Page 450
10.3.2.3 Triple-Lift Additional Circuit......Page 451
10.3.2.4 N/O Higher-Order-Lift Additional Circuit......Page 453
10.3.3.2 N/O Re-Lift Enhanced Circuit......Page 454
10.3.3.3 N/O Triple-Lift Enhanced Circuit......Page 457
10.3.4.1 N/O Elementary Re-Enhanced Circuit......Page 459
10.3.4.3 N/O Triple-Lift Re-Enhanced Circuit......Page 463
10.3.4.4 N/O Higher-Order-Lift Re-Enhanced Circuit......Page 464
10.3.5.1 N/O Elementary Multiple-Enhanced Circuit......Page 465
10.3.5.2 N/O Re-Lift Multiple-Enhanced Circuit......Page 466
10.3.5.3 N/O Triple-Lift Multiple-Enhanced Circuit......Page 469
10.3.6 Summary of N/O SL Luo Converters......Page 470
10.4.1 Main Series......Page 472
10.4.1.1 Elementary Boost Circuit......Page 473
10.4.1.2 Two-Stage Boost Circuit......Page 474
10.4.1.3 Three-Stage Boost Circuit......Page 476
10.4.2.1 Elementary Boost Additional (Double) Circuit......Page 478
10.4.2.2 Two-Stage Boost Additional Circuit......Page 481
10.4.2.3 Three-Stage Boost Additional Circuit......Page 482
10.4.3.1 Elementary Double-Boost Circuit......Page 484
10.4.3.2 Two-Stage Double-Boost Circuit......Page 487
10.4.3.3 Three-Stage Double-Boost Circuit......Page 488
10.4.3.4 Higher-Stage Double-Boost Circuit......Page 489
10.4.4.1 Elementary Triple-Boost Circuit......Page 490
10.4.4.2 Two-Stage Triple-Boost Circuit......Page 492
10.4.4.3 Three-Stage Triple-Boost Circuit......Page 493
10.4.5.1 Elementary Multiple-Boost Circuit......Page 495
10.4.5.2 Two-Stage Multiple-Boost Circuit......Page 496
10.4.5.4 Higher-Stage Multiple-Boost Circuit......Page 499
10.4.6 Summary of P/O Cascaded Boost Converters......Page 500
10.5.1 Main Series......Page 501
10.5.1.1 N/O Elementary Boost Circuit......Page 502
10.5.1.2 N/O Two-Stage Boost Circuit......Page 504
10.5.1.3 N/O Three-Stage Boost Circuit......Page 506
10.5.2.1 N/O Elementary Additional Boost Circuit......Page 507
10.5.2.2 N/O Two-Stage Additional Boost Circuit......Page 510
10.5.2.3 N/O Three-Stage Additional Boost Circuit......Page 512
10.5.2.4 N/O Higher-Stage Additional Boost Circuit......Page 513
10.5.3.1 N/O Elementary Double-Boost Circuit......Page 514
10.5.3.2 N/O Two-Stage Double-Boost Circuit......Page 515
10.5.3.3 N/O Three-Stage Double-Boost Circuit......Page 517
10.5.3.4 N/O Higher-Stage Double-Boost Circuit......Page 518
10.5.4.1 N/O Elementary Triple-Boost Circuit......Page 519
10.5.4.2 N/O Two-Stage Triple-Boost Circuit......Page 521
10.5.4.3 N/O Three-Stage Triple-Boost Circuit......Page 522
10.5.5 Multiple Series......Page 524
10.5.5.1 N/O Elementary Multiple-Boost Circuit......Page 525
10.5.5.2 N/O Two-Stage Multiple-Boost Circuit......Page 527
10.5.5.3 N/O Three-Stage Multiple-Boost Circuit......Page 528
10.5.5.4 N/O Higher-Stage Multiple-Boost Circuit......Page 529
10.5.6 Summary of N/O Cascaded Boost Converters......Page 530
10.6 Ultra-Lift Luo Converter......Page 531
10.6.1 Operation of Ultra-Lift Luo Converter......Page 532
10.6.1.1 Continuous Conduction Mode......Page 533
10.6.1.2 Discontinuous Conduction Mode......Page 537
10.6.2.1 Continuous Conduction Mode......Page 539
10.6.2.2 Discontinuous Conduction Mode......Page 541
10.6.4 Simulation Results......Page 542
10.6.5 Experimental Results......Page 543
10.6.6 Summary......Page 544
References......Page 545
11.1 Introduction......Page 546
11.2 Split Capacitors......Page 547
11.3 Split Inductors......Page 548
11.4.1 Two-Split Capacitors (α = 2) Applied in the P/O Elementary SL Circuit......Page 549
11.4.2 Two Split Inductors (β = 2) Applied in the Elementary P/O SL Circuit......Page 550
11.4.3 α-Split Capacitors and β-Split Inductors Applied in the Elementary P/O SL Circuit......Page 551
11.5 Main Series......Page 552
11.6 MEC, Split Capacitors Used in Double/Enhanced Circuit......Page 553
11.7 Additional Series......Page 554
11.7.1 Elementary Additional Circuit......Page 555
11.7.3 Triple-Lift Additional Circuit......Page 557
11.8 Higher-Order Series......Page 558
11.8.2 Re-Enhanced Series......Page 559
11.8.3 Multiple (j)-Enhanced Series......Page 560
11.9 Summary of P/O Super-Lift Luo Converters Applying Split Capacitors and Split Inductors......Page 561
11.10 Simulation Results......Page 562
11.11.1 Experimental Results of a Re-Lift Circuit......Page 563
11.11.2 Experimental Results of a Re-Lift Additional Circuit......Page 564
References......Page 565
12.1 Introduction......Page 566
12.2.1 Modulation Ratios......Page 567
12.2.1.1 Linear Range (ma ≤ 1.0)......Page 569
12.2.1.3 Square Wave (Sufficiently Large ma > 1.27)......Page 570
12.2.1.5 Large mf (mf > 21)......Page 571
12.3.1 Voltage Source Inverter......Page 573
12.4.1 Single-Phase Half-Bridge VSI......Page 574
12.4.2 Single-Phase Full-Bridge VSI......Page 578
12.7.1 Unipolar PWM VSI......Page 581
12.8 Impedance-Source Inverters......Page 586
12.8.1 Comparison with VSI and CSI......Page 587
12.8.2 Equivalent Circuit and Operation......Page 592
12.8.3 Circuit Analysis and Calculations......Page 594
12.9 Extended Boost z-Source Inverters......Page 596
12.9.1 Introduction to ZSI and Basic Topologies......Page 597
12.9.2 Extended Boost qZSI Topologies......Page 598
12.9.2.1 Diode-Assisted Extended Boost qZSI Topologies......Page 599
12.9.2.2 Capacitor-Assisted Extended Boost qZSI Topologies......Page 602
12.9.3 Simulation Results......Page 605
References......Page 609
13.1 Introduction......Page 610
13.2 Diode-Clamped (Neutral-Point-Clamped) Multilevel Inverters......Page 613
13.3 Capacitor-Clamped (Flying Capacitor) Multilevel Inverters......Page 618
13.4 Multilevel Inverters Using H-Bridges Converters......Page 620
13.4.1 Cascaded Equalvoltage Multilevel Inverters......Page 621
13.4.2 Binary Hybrid Multilevel Inverter......Page 622
13.5 Other Kinds of Multilevel Inverters......Page 623
13.5.2 Mixed-Level Multilevel Inverter Topologies......Page 624
13.5.3 Multilevel Inverters by Connection of Three-Phase Two-Level Inverters......Page 625
13.6.1 Notched DC Link Inverters for Brushless DC Motor Drive......Page 626
13.6.1.1 Resonant Circuit......Page 628
13.6.1.2 Design Consideration......Page 632
13.6.1.3 Control Scheme......Page 633
13.6.1.4 Simulation and Experimental Results......Page 637
13.6.2 Resonant Pole Inverter......Page 639
13.6.2.1 Topology of the Resonant Pole Inverter......Page 641
13.6.2.2 Operation Principle......Page 643
13.6.2.3 Design Considerations......Page 647
13.6.2.4 Simulation and Experimental Results......Page 650
13.6.3 Transformer-Based Resonant DC Link Inverter......Page 654
13.6.3.1 Resonant Circuit......Page 655
13.6.3.2 Design Consideration......Page 661
13.6.3.3 Control Scheme......Page 664
13.6.3.4 Simulation and Experimental Results......Page 666
References......Page 669
14.1 Introduction......Page 672
14.2.1 Arithmetical Progressions......Page 673
14.2.2 Geometric Progressions......Page 674
14.2.2.2 Trinary Number Progression......Page 675
14.2.3.2 Ye-Progression......Page 676
14.3.1.2 Changeover Switch......Page 677
14.3.2 General Circuit of Laddered Inverters......Page 678
14.3.3 Linear Ladder Inverters......Page 679
14.3.4 Natural Number Ladder Inverters......Page 680
14.3.6 Binary Ladder Inverters......Page 681
14.3.7 Modified Binary Ladder Inverters......Page 682
14.3.8 Luo-Progression Ladder Inverters......Page 683
14.3.9 Ye-Progression Ladder Inverters......Page 684
14.3.10 Trinary Ladder Inverters......Page 685
14.5 Solar Panel Energy Systems......Page 686
14.7 Switched-Capacitor Multilevel DC/AC Inverters......Page 688
14.7.1.1 Five-Level SC Inverter......Page 692
14.7.1.2 Nine-Level SC Inverter......Page 693
14.7.1.3 Fifteen-Level SC Inverter......Page 694
14.7.1.4 Higher-Level SC Inverter......Page 695
14.8.1 Some P/O Super-Lift Luo-Converters......Page 696
14.8.2 Super-Lift Converters Used in Multilevel DC/AC Inverters......Page 697
14.8.2.2 Fifteen-Level SL Inverter......Page 698
14.8.2.3 Twenty-One-Level SL Inverter......Page 699
References......Page 701
15.1 Introduction......Page 704
15.2 Single-Phase AC/AC Voltage-Regulation Converters......Page 705
15.2.1 Phase-Controlled Single-Phase AC/AC Voltage Controller......Page 706
15.2.1.1 Operation with R-Load......Page 707
15.2.1.2 Operation with RL Load......Page 708
15.2.1.3 Gating Signal Requirements......Page 712
15.2.2.1 Integral Cycle Control......Page 713
15.2.2.2 PWM AC Chopper......Page 715
15.3.1 Phase-Controlled Three-Phase AC Voltage Controllers......Page 717
15.3.2.1 Star-Connected Load with Isolated Neutral......Page 719
15.3.2.2 RL Load......Page 721
15.3.2.3 Delta-Connected R-Load......Page 722
15.4 Cycloconverters......Page 723
15.4.1 Single-Phase Input/Single-Phase Output Cycloconverter......Page 725
15.4.1.1 Operation with R Load......Page 726
15.4.1.2 Operation with RL Load......Page 730
15.4.2.1 Three-Phase Three-Pulse Cycloconverter......Page 731
15.4.3 Cycloconverter Control Scheme......Page 736
15.4.3.1 Control Circuit Block Diagram......Page 739
15.4.4.1 Circulating-Current-Free Operations......Page 742
15.4.4.2 Circulating-Current Operation......Page 743
15.4.5 Cycloconverter Input Displacement/Power Factor......Page 744
15.4.8 Forced-Commutated Cycloconverter......Page 745
15.5 Matrix Converters......Page 747
15.5.1.1 Venturini Method......Page 750
15.5.1.2 SVM Method......Page 752
15.5.2 Commutation and Protection Issues in a Matrix Converter......Page 753
References......Page 755
16.1 DC-Modulated Single-Stage AC/AC Converters......Page 758
16.1.1 Bidirectional Exclusive Switches SM–SS......Page 760
16.1.2 Mathematical Modeling for DC /DC Converters......Page 762
16.1.3.1 Positive Input Voltage Half-Cycle......Page 765
16.1.3.2 Negative Input Voltage Half-Cycle......Page 766
16.1.3.4 Simulation and Experimental Results......Page 767
16.1.4 DC-Modulated Single-Stage Boost-Type AC/AC Converter......Page 769
16.1.4.1 Positive Input Voltage Half-Cycle......Page 774
16.1.4.2 Negative Input Voltage Half-Cycle......Page 775
16.1.4.4 Simulation and Experimental Results......Page 776
16.1.5 DC-Modulated Single-Stage Buck-Boost-Type AC/AC Converter......Page 777
16.1.5.2 Negative Input Voltage Half-Cycle......Page 778
16.1.5.3 Whole-Cycle Operation......Page 781
16.1.5.4 Simulation and Experimental Results......Page 783
16.2 Other Types of DC-Modulated AC/AC Converters......Page 785
16.2.1 DC-Modulated Positive Output Luo-Converter-Type AC/AC Converter......Page 786
16.2.2 DC-Modulated Two-Stage Boost-Type AC/AC Converter......Page 792
16.3.3 DC-Modulated Three-Phase Buck-Boost-Type AC/AC Converter......Page 793
16.4 Sub-Envelope Modulation Method to Reduce THD of AC/AC Matrix Converters......Page 794
16.4.1 Sub-Envelope Modulation Method......Page 799
16.4.1.1 Measure the Input Instantaneous Voltage......Page 801
16.4.1.2 Modulation Algorithm......Page 802
16.4.1.3 Improve Voltage Ratio......Page 805
16.4.2 Twenty-Four-Switches Matrix Converter......Page 806
16.4.3.1 Current Commutation between Two Input Phases......Page 809
16.4.3.2 Current-Commutation-Related Three Input Phases......Page 810
16.4.4.1 Simulation Results......Page 813
16.4.4.2 Experimental Results......Page 814
References......Page 818
17.1 Introduction......Page 822
17.2 AC/DC/AC Converters Used in Wind Turbine Systems......Page 823
17.2.2.1 AC/DC/AC Boost-Type Converter......Page 825
17.2.2.2 Three-Level Diode-Clamped AC/DC/AC Converter......Page 827
17.2.3 Wind Turbine System Linking to Utility Network......Page 829
17.3.1 Review of Traditional DC/DC Converters......Page 830
17.3.2 Chopper-Type DC/AC/DC Converters......Page 832
17.3.3 Switched-Capacitor DC/AC/DC Converters......Page 833
17.3.3.1 Single-Stage Switched-Capacitor DC/AC/DC Converter......Page 834
17.3.3.2 Three-Stage Switched-Capacitor DC/AC/DC Converter......Page 836
17.3.3.3 Four-Stage Switched-Capacitor DC/AC/DC Converter......Page 839
References......Page 841
18.1 Introduction......Page 842
18.2 Wind Turbine Energy Systems......Page 844
18.2.1 Technical Features......Page 845
18.2.2 Design Example......Page 849
18.2.3 Converters’ Design......Page 853
18.2.4 Simulation Results......Page 854
18.3 Solar Panel Energy Systems......Page 855
18.3.2 P/O Super-Lift Luo Converter......Page 856
18.3.3 Closed-Loop Control......Page 857
18.3.4 PWM Inverter......Page 858
References......Page 862