Renewable Energy Sources: Watt Committee: report number 22

Renewable Energy Sources......Page 4
Foreword......Page 6
Contents......Page 8
STRUCTURE OF THE REPORT......Page 10
PART 1. INTRODUCTION TO THE REPORT......Page 9
The status of the respective technologies......Page 11
Prospects for the use of renewables: extent and economics of the exploitable resources......Page 12
Commercial prospects......Page 14
PRIVATISATION OF THE ELECTRICITY SUPPLY INDUSTRY......Page 15
CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS......Page 16
IEA RENEWABLE ENERGY RD& D POLICIES......Page 18
STATUS AND PROSPECTS OF RENEWABLE ENERGY SOURCES IN IEA COUNTRIES......Page 19
Economic renewable energy technologies......Page 21
‘ Under- development’ renewable energy technologies......Page 23
GOVERNMENTAL SUPPORT TO RENEWABLE ENERGY RD& D......Page 24
CONCLUSIONS......Page 25
TPER/GDP Ratio for IEA countries......Page 26
IEA electricity generation by fuels......Page 27
World crude oil price......Page 28
TECHNOLOGY......Page 30
PART 2. TYPES OF RENEWABLE ENERGY SOURCE......Page 29
COMPONENTS OF A TIDAL BARRAGE......Page 31
ECONOMIC APPRAISAL......Page 33
ENVIRONMENTAL ASPECTS......Page 34
INSTITUTIONAL BARRIERS......Page 35
APPROPRIATENESS FOR DEVELOPMENT IN THE UK......Page 36
REFERENCES......Page 37
Conversion principles......Page 38
Device design......Page 40
Other work since the end of the main DEn programme......Page 41
ENVIRONMENTAL ACCEPTABILITY......Page 42
APPENDIX 4.1  ETSU REPORT R26......Page 43
Economics of Wave Energy......Page 44
INTRODUCTION......Page 45
STATUS OF TECHNOLOGY......Page 46
EXPLOITABLE RESOURCE......Page 48
COMMERCIAL PROSPECTS......Page 50
ENVIRONMENTAL ACCEPTABILITY......Page 51
EXPORT OPPORTUNITIES......Page 52
BRITISH WORK......Page 53
STRATEGIC CONSIDERATIONS......Page 55
APPENDIX: GENERATION COSTS......Page 56
STATUS OF THE TECHNOLOGY......Page 58
EXPLOITABLE RESOURCES......Page 59
COMMERCIAL PROSPECTS......Page 60
Abstraction......Page 61
REFERENCES......Page 62
INTRODUCTION......Page 63
EXPLOITABLE RESOURCES IN THE UK......Page 66
Aquifers......Page 67
Electricity generation and CHP......Page 68
Heat supply......Page 69
HDR......Page 71
Aquifers......Page 72
ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS......Page 73
REFERENCES......Page 74
TECHNOLOGY......Page 76
ECONOMIC APPRAISAL AND COMMERCIAL PROSPECTS......Page 79
INSTITUTIONAL BARRIERS......Page 82
MARKET......Page 83
OPPORTUNITIES FOR DEVELOPMENT IN THE UK......Page 85
REFERENCES......Page 86
EXPLOITABLE SOURCES IN THE UK......Page 88
Active solar systems......Page 89
The UK government and passive solar design......Page 90
Some applications......Page 91
Technology......Page 93
Photovoltaic systems......Page 94
ENVIRONMENTAL CONSIDERATIONS......Page 95
INSTITUTIONAL BARRIERS......Page 96
The flat plate collector......Page 97
Solar cells......Page 98
THE UK SCENE......Page 99
Direct combustion......Page 100
Pyrolysis and gasification......Page 101
Anaerobic digestion......Page 102
Ethanol fermentation......Page 104
Woody biomass......Page 105
Municipal refuse......Page 106
ECONOMIC APPRAISAL......Page 107
ENVIRONMENTAL ACCEPTABILITY......Page 108
CONCLUSIONS......Page 111
REFERENCES......Page 112
PART 3.  SYSTEM CONSIDERATIONS......Page 114
PRESENTATION OF INFORMATION......Page 115
BIBLIOGRAPHY......Page 117
INTRODUCTION......Page 118
Thermal plant startup, ramp rates and part loading......Page 119
Power system control and operating reserve......Page 120
The potential role of load management and tariff incentives......Page 121
Capacity displacement and remix at higher penetrations......Page 122
Particular factors......Page 123
The nature of the interface......Page 125
Tidal power......Page 126
REFERENCES......Page 127
A case example: the integration of wind energy......Page 128
Possible methods of evaluation......Page 130
Factors affecting break- even costs......Page 131
Chosen method of costing: advantages and limitations......Page 132
Initial capital......Page 133
Refurbishing and replanting during life......Page 134
Resource availability......Page 135
Plant availability......Page 136
Real rates of return......Page 137
Private versus public capital......Page 138
Generation cost calculations......Page 139
Mini hydro......Page 140
Wind......Page 142
Wave......Page 143
Risks, uncertainties, sensitivity analyses, spider diagrams......Page 144
Effects of changing interest rate......Page 145
Exploitable resources at various cost levels......Page 150
Caveats......Page 151
SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS......Page 152
REFERENCES......Page 153
Appendix 13.1: Data Collection Questionnaire......Page 154
Objectives, Historical Background and Current Programme......Page 157
Member Institutions of the Watt Committee on Energy......Page 159
Watt Committee Reports......Page 160