Renewable Energy Generation and Value Addition from Environmental Microfiber Pollution Through Advanced Greener Solution (Environmental Science and Engineering)

Contents
1 Microfiber Sources, Characteristics, Environmental Impact, and Sustainable Remediation Process
	1.1 Introduction
	1.2 Manufacturing Process of Microfibers
	1.3 Sources of Microfibers
	1.4 Characteristics and Applications of Microfibers
		1.4.1 Application of Microfibers
	1.5 Environmental Microfiber Pollution and Hazards
		1.5.1 Terrestrial Microfiber Pollution
		1.5.2 Aquatic Microfiber Pollution
		1.5.3 Mechanism of Microfiber Toxicity
	1.6 Detection and Characterization of Microfibers
		1.6.1 Microscopic Analysis
		1.6.2 Spectroscopic Analysis
		1.6.3 Using Multiple Lines of Evidence
	1.7 Conclusion
	References
2 Synthetic Microfibres: Sources, Fate, and Toxicity
	2.1 Introduction
	2.2 Sources of Synthetic Microfibers
		2.2.1 Water
		2.2.2 Air
		2.2.3 Land
	2.3 Contribution of Microfibers in Environmental Pollution
		2.3.1 Impacts of Airborne Microfiber
		2.3.2 Impacts of Aquatic Microfiber Contamination
		2.3.3 Impacts of Terrestrial Microfiber Pollution
	2.4 Conclusion
	References
3 Source, Transport, and Accumulation of Microfiber Wastes in the Environment
	3.1 Introduction
	3.2 Potential Sources of Microfibre Pollution
	3.3 Transport Mechanisms
	3.4 Accumulation Patterns and Hotspots
	3.5 Adverse Effects of Microfibre
	3.6 Detection Method
	3.7 Prevention Methods
	3.8 Conclusion
	References
4 Identification and Characterization of Microplastic Pollutants from the Marine Sediments of Paradeep Coast of Bay of Bengal, India for their Sustainable Management
	4.1 Introduction
	4.2 Materials and Methods
		4.2.1 Sampling Location
		4.2.2 Sample Collection
		4.2.3 Sample Preparation
		4.2.4 Sample Separation and Purification
		4.2.5 Density Separation and Plastic Extraction
		4.2.6 Identification and Characterization of Plastic and Microplastic
		4.2.7 Microscopic Analysis
	4.3 Results and Discussion
		4.3.1 Sampling Sites and Location
		4.3.2 Sample Collection
		4.3.3 Sample Separation and Purification
		4.3.4 Characterization of MPs in the Marine Soil
		4.3.5 Microscopic Analysis
		4.3.6 Plastic Waste Management
	4.4 Conclusion
	References
5 Characterization and Quantification of Microplastics Pollutants in Sediment Samples from Daya River of Odisha State in India for their Appropriate Management
	5.1 Introduction
	5.2 Materials and Methods
		5.2.1 Sampling Location and Sample Collection
		5.2.2 Sieving and Visual Sorting
		5.2.3 Organic Matter Digestion
		5.2.4 Density Separation
		5.2.5 Fourier Transform Spectroscopy (FTIR)
	5.3 Result and Discussion
		5.3.1 Sample Location and Collection
		5.3.2 Sieving and Visual Sorting
		5.3.3 Density Separation
		5.3.4 Organic Matter Separation
		5.3.5 Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR)
	5.4 Management Strategies for Plastic Wastes
	5.5 Conclusion
	References
6 Synthetic Microfiber: An Enduring Environmental Problem Linked to Sustainable Development
	6.1 Introduction
	6.2 Microfibre Categories
		6.2.1 Natural Fibre
		6.2.2 Man-Made Fibre
	6.3 Micro and Nano Plastic Occurrence and Its Impact
		6.3.1 Aquatic Habitats
		6.3.2 Terrestrial Habitats
		6.3.3 The Atmosphere
		6.3.4 Human Health
	6.4 Mitigating the Effects of Micro and Nano Plastics
	6.5 Conclusion
	References
7 Environmental Occurrence and Contemporary Health Issues of Micro Plastics
	7.1 Introduction
	7.2 Environmental Occurrence of Microplastics
	7.3 Micro Plastic and Human Health
	7.4 Effects of Microplastics on Different Organ and Organ System
	7.5 Conclusion and Recommendation
	References
8 Synthetic Fabrics and Microfiber Pollution–An Assessment of Their Global Impact
	8.1 Introduction
		8.1.1 What Are Microplastics and Microfibers?
		8.1.2 Microplastics in Water
	8.2 Global Microfiber Generation and Its Sources
	8.3 Are Microplastics Harmful?
		8.3.1 Potential Threat to Human Life and Aquatic Animals
	8.4 Mitigation Strategies to Reduce the Microplastics
	8.5 Conclusion
	References
9 Impacts of Microfiber Pollutants on the Global Ecosystem
	9.1 Introduction
	9.2 Impacts of Microfibers on the Aquatic Ecosystem
		9.2.1 Toxic Chemicals
		9.2.2 Microfiber Characterization
		9.2.3 Adsorption Capacity
		9.2.4 For Example
	9.3 Impact on Aquatic Organisms
		9.3.1 Case Studies of Pollution in India
		9.3.2 Mechanism of Pollution
	9.4 Impacts of Microfibers on Terrestrial Ecosystem
		9.4.1 Sources of Microfibers in Terrestrial Ecosystems
	9.5 Effects of Microfibers on Plant Growth and Development
	9.6 Effect of Microfibers on Soil Biodiversity and Ecosystem Functioning
	9.7 Mitigation Strategies for Reducing Microfiber Pollution in Terrestrial Ecosystems
	9.8 Impacts of Microfibers on the Atmosphere
		9.8.1 Sources of Microfiber Pollution in the Atmosphere
		9.8.2 Impact
		9.8.3 Methods to Ameliorate Microfiber Pollution in the Atmosphere
	9.9 Microfibers in Food and Drinking Water Affecting Humans
		9.9.1 Skin Contact
	9.10 Impacts of Microfibers on the Food Chain Affecting Animals
		9.10.1 Impact of Microfibers on Food Chains
		9.10.2 Impact of Single-Use Masks
		9.10.3 Effects on Planktons
	9.11 Impact of Microfibers on Bacterial Accumulation
		9.11.1 Physical Properties that Cause Microfiber Shedding
		9.11.2 Interaction of Polyester Microfiber and Organic Matter
		9.11.3 Environmental Effects of Biofilm-Enhanced Microfibers
	9.12 Need for Bioremediation of Microfibers
	9.13 Effects of Aspergillus Tubingensis on Polyurethane
	9.14 Effects of Ideonella Sakaiensis on PET Degradation
	9.15 Conclusion
	References
10 A Critical Review of Marine Microfiber Pollution Routes, Toxicity, and Its Sustainable Remediation
	10.1 Introduction
	10.2 Microfiber in the Environment
	10.3 Remediation Strategy
		10.3.1 Physiochemical Method
		10.3.2 Microbial Biodegradation Method
	10.4 Future Outlook and Potential Solutions
	10.5 Conclusions
	References
11 Sustainable Management and Advanced Techniques of Synthetic Microfiber Waste Through Circular Economy
	11.1 Introduction
		11.1.1 Sources of Microfibre and Their Distribution
		11.1.2 Applications of Microfiber in Industries
	11.2 Routeway of Microfibers into the Environment
		11.2.1 Marine-Based
		11.2.2 Land-Based
	11.3 Corollary Effects of Microfibers in the Environment
	11.4 Circular Economy and Microfibre Pollution Management
		11.4.1 Eco-Friendly Materials and Source Reduction
		11.4.2 Advanced Mitigation Strategies Toward Microfiber Pollution
	11.5 Current Advancements in the Removal and Treatment of Microfibers
		11.5.1 Strategies for Removal of MF
		11.5.2 Treatment Strategies Adopted for the Degradation of MF
	11.6 Conclusion and Future Perspective
	References
12 Microfiber Waste Management and Recycling with Zero Waste Adaptation Technology
	12.1 Introduction
	12.2 Micro Fibre Waste Management
		12.2.1 Waste Reduction at Source
		12.2.2 Filter Installation for Capturing of Microfibre from the Washing Machine
		12.2.3 Possible Strategies for Managing the Generation and Emission of Microfibers
		12.2.4 Value-Chain Sustainable Approach
		12.2.5 Means of Reprocessing Textile Waste
	12.3 Framework of Policies and Regulations, and Proficient Waste Management Setup
		12.3.1 New Business Model
		12.3.2 Environmental Friendly Textile Materials
		12.3.3 Sustainable Energy
		12.3.4 Efficient Waste Management Infrastructure
	12.4 Recycling of Textile Waste for Material Recovery
		12.4.1 Chemical Recycling
		12.4.2 Recovery of Energy from the Waste Textile and Clothing
	12.5 Renewable Energy
	12.6 Conclusion
	References
13 Advanced and Smart Technology for Sustainable Management of Microfiber Waste
	13.1 Introduction
	13.2 Biotechnological Field for Removal of Microplastics
	13.3 Factors Affecting Microbial Biodegradation of Plastics
	13.4 Metal and Non-metal Nanoparticles for Microplastic Degradation
	13.5 Nanoparticles for Remediation
	13.6 Summary
	References