Renewable Energy from Bio-resources in Malaysia

Foreword by Zaliman Sauli
Foreword by Ku Syahidah Ku Ismail
Preface
Acknowledgements
Contents
Editors and  Contributors
Current Status of Renewable Energy Development
	1 Renewable Energy Resources in Malaysia
		1.1 Hydro
		1.2 Solar
		1.3 Biomass
	2 Renewable Energy Policies in Malaysia
		2.1 Small Renewable Energy Power (SREP)
		2.2 Malaysia’s Feed-In Tariff (Fit) Scheme
		2.3 Net Energy Metering (Nem) Scheme
		2.4 Zero Energy Building (Zeb) Facilitation Programme
	3 The Abundance of Palm Oil Waste in Malaysia and Types of Biomass Waste Available
		3.1 Pyrolysis
		3.2 Liquefaction
		3.3 Gasification
		3.4 Combustion
		3.5 Conclusions
	References
Characteristics and Potential of Renewable Bioresources
	1 Categories and Types of Biomass Resources in Malaysia
		1.1 Palm Oil Industry
		1.2 Rice Biomass
		1.3 Sago
	2 Biomass Characteristics and Compositions
		2.1 Cellulose
		2.2 Hemicellulose
		2.3 Lignin
		2.4 Empty Fruit Bunch: Production, Structural Characteristics and Uses
		2.5 Rice Husk and Rice Straw: Production, Structural Characteristics and Uses
		2.6 Sago Hampas: Production, Structural Characteristics and Uses
	3 Potential of Biomass Utilization as a Feedstock for Renewable Energy in Malaysia
		3.1 Government Assistance
		3.2 Environmental Sustainability
		3.3 Biomass Availability and Logistic Facilities
		3.4 Technology Feasibility
	4 Conclusion
	References
Different Types of Pre-Treatments for Renewable Bioresources
	1 Introduction
	2 Thermochemical
		2.1 Torrefaction
		2.2 Plasma Treatment
		2.3 Gasification
		2.4 Pyrolysis
		2.5 Liquefaction
	3 Physico-Chemical Pre-Treatment Method of Biomass
		3.1 Introduction
		3.2 Steam Explosion
		3.3 Liquid Hot Water (LHW)
		3.4 Ammonia Fibre Explosion (AFEX) and Recycle Percolation (ARP)
		3.5 CO2 Explosion
	4 Biochemical
		4.1 Fermentation
		4.2 Anaerobic Digestion
	5 Conclusion
	References
Technologies for Biomass Thermochemical Conversion
	1 Introduction
	2 Thermochemical Conversions
		2.1 Pyrolysis of Biomass
	3 Bio-Oil
	4 Challenges of Bio-Oil
	5 Bio-Oil Upgrading
		5.1 Chemical and Catalytic Upgrading of Bio-Oil
	6 Pyrolysis Reactors
	7 Historical Background on Biomass Hydrothermal Liquefaction
	8 Direct Liquefaction
		8.1 The Effect of Alcohols
		8.2 The Effect of Hydrogen Donor Solvents
		8.3 The Effect of Water
		8.4 The Effect of Temperature
		8.5 The Effect of Residence Time
		8.6 The Effect of Reaction Pressure
		8.7 The Effect of Biomass Feedstock
	9 Potential of Biomass in Malaysia for Thermochemical Technologies
	10 Conclusion
	References
Bioethanol as a Potential Renewable Energy
	1 Introduction
		1.1 Bioethanol: An Overview on The World’s Scenario
		1.2 Malaysia’s Energy Policy
		1.3 Current Status on Malaysia’s Bioethanol Production
	2 Bioethanol from Sugars and Starch Feedstocks in Malaysia
		2.1 Molasses
		2.2 Cassava (Manihot esculanta)
		2.3 Bioethanol from Lignocellulosic Biomass
		2.4 Oil Palm Feedstocks
		2.5 Paddy Wastes
		2.6 Napier Grass
	3 Bioethanol from Algae
	4 Processes for Lignocellulosic Bioethanol Production
		4.1 Separate Hydrolysis and Fermentation (SHF) and Simultaneous Saccharification and Fermentation (SSF)
		4.2 Consolidated Bioprocessing (CBP)
	5 Application and Challenges for Bioethanol Production in Malaysia
		5.1 Technology Maturity Limitation
		5.2 Inadequate Infrastructure and Labour Cost
		5.3 Policy Enforcement and Sustainable Planning
	6 Conclusion
	References
Bioconversion of Malaysia Renewable Energy Resources to Biobutanol
	1 Overview of Biobutanol Production
	2 Possible Malaysia’s Bio-resources for Biobutanol Production
		2.1 Palm Oil Mill Biomass
		2.2 Agricultural Biomass
	3 Biobutanol Production Process
	4 Biobutanol Fermentation Strategies
		4.1 Clostridium sp. Improvement
		4.2 Simultaneous Saccharification and Fermentation (SSF) and Consolidated Bioprocessing (CBP)
	5 Current Situation on Renewable Energy Production in Malaysia
	6 Challenges and Resolution in Biobutanol Production
		6.1 Challenges as an Alternative Fuel
		6.2 Challenges in Downstream Processing
		6.3 Resolution for High Yield of Biobutanol Production
	7 Potentials of Biobutanol to Replace Gasoline
		7.1 Biobutanol Application as Engine Fuels
	8 Other Applications of Biobutanol
	9 Conclusion
	References
Recent Progress of Biodiesel Production
	1 Biodiesel Trend in Malaysia
	2 Biodiesel Standards and Specifications for Malaysia Usage
	3 Current Technologies in Biodiesel Production
		3.1 Catalysts
		3.2 Advanced Processes and Technologies
	4 Conclusion
	References
Critical Appraisal of Anaerobic Digestion Processes for Biogas
	1 Introduction
	2 Background of Anaerobic Digestion
		2.1 Hydrolysis Process
		2.2 Acidogenesis Process
		2.3 Acetogenesis Process
		2.4 Methanogenesis Process
	3 Parameter Affecting Anaerobic Digestion
	4 Biogas Digester
		4.1 Maintenance of Biogas Digester
	5 Biogas Processing
		5.1 Co2 Removal
		5.2 Water Vapour Removal
		5.3 Hydrogen Sulfide Removal
	6 Biomethane and Biohydrogen as Future Biofuel and Its Application in Generating Electricity in Malaysia
		6.1 Driving Force of the Biogas Industry Development in Malaysia
		6.2 Current Technologies on Biogas Production
		6.3 Environmental Issues of Biogas Production
		6.4 Nitrous Oxide Emission
	7 Conclusion
	References
Current Status on Microbial Fuel Cell (MFC) Technology
	1 Overview of Microbial Fuel Cell
	2 Operating Principle of Microbial Fuel Cell
		2.1 Electron Transfer Mechanism
		2.2 Electrochemical Performances of Microbial Fuel Cell
	3 Current Development of Microbial Fuel Cell in Malaysia
		3.1 Overview of Research on Microbial Fuel Cell Using Palm Oil Waste in Malaysia
		3.2 Microbial Fuel Cell Development and Design Using Palm Oil Biomass for Electricity Generation and Waste Removal
	4 Challenges and Resolution Perspectives in Microbial Fuel Cell Application
		4.1 Low Power/Voltage Attainment
		4.2 Flexibility of Anode Biofilms
	5 Conclusion
	References
Renewable Energy: The Past and the Future
	1 Introduction
	2 Challenges and Barriers
		2.1 Bioethanol
		2.2 Biodiesel
	3 Technologies and Innovations
		3.1 Advancements in the Second-Generation Biofuels
		3.2 Advancements in the Third-Generation Biofuels
		3.3 Fourth-Generation Biofuels
	4 Renewable Energy Programs
		4.1 Small Renewable Energy Program (SREP)
		4.2 The UNDP-GEF Biomass Power Generation and Demonstration (BIOGEN) Project
		4.3 The Malaysian Building Integrated Photovoltaic (MBPIV) Project
		4.4 Economic Transformation Programme (ETP)
		4.5 Feed-In Tariff (FiT)
		4.6 Self-Consumption (SELCO) Programme
		4.7 Net Energy Metering (NEM) Scheme
	5 Sustainable Development Goals
	6 Conclusion
	References