Remote Sensing of Active Volcanism

Title Page
......Page 3
Copyright
......Page 4
CONTENTS......Page 5
DEDICATION......Page 7
PREFACE......Page 9
Introduction......Page 11
SUMMARIES OF PAPERS......Page 13
WHERE NEXT FOR VOLCANO REMOTE SENSING?......Page 15
REFERENCES......Page 16
1. INTRODUCTION......Page 18
3. ORBIT CHARACTERISTICS......Page 19
3.2. Sun-Synchronous Orbits and Time of Equatorial Crossing......Page 20
3.3. Orbital Inclination......Page 22
4.1. Spatial vs. Temporal Resolution......Page 25
4.2. Viewing Geometries......Page 27
5. DATA ACCESS......Page 28
6.1. Radar Interferometry......Page 30
7. SUMMARY......Page 32
REFERENCES......Page 33
1. INTRODUCTION......Page 34
2.1. Satellites......Page 35
3.1. Retrieval of Sulfur Dioxide from UV Reflectance Data......Page 38
3.2. Sulfur Dioxide Validation......Page 41
4.1. UV Volcanic Ash Detection......Page 42
5.2. Excess Sulfur......Page 47
5.4. Atmospheric and Climatic Effects......Page 48
6. AVIATION HAZARD MITIGATION WITH TOMS DATA......Page 49
REFERENCES......Page 50
1. INTRODUCTION......Page 53
2. METHODS USED......Page 55
4. RESULTS......Page 57
5.3. Fate and Transport of Volcanic Clouds Following the August 15 Cerro Hudson Eruption......Page 59
REFERENCES......Page 71
1. INTRODUCTION......Page 73
2. SATELLITE-BASED VOLCANO MONITORING AT THE AVO......Page 80
3. ERUPTION ALERT INFORMATION DISSEMINATION......Page 82
4.1. Pre-explosive Eruption Thermal Anomaly......Page 84
4.3. GMS Ash Cloud Observations......Page 86
4.5. Post Eruption Thermal Anomalies......Page 87
5.1. Detection and Discrimination of Volcanic Ash......Page 88
5.3. Satellite Observations of Thermal Anomalies......Page 89
6. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS......Page 90
APPENDIX A. LIST OF ACRONYMS......Page 91
REFERENCES......Page 92
INTRODUCTION......Page 94
RADIATIVE TRANSFER MODEL......Page 96
RESULTS......Page 100
ASSUMPTIONS AND ERRORS......Page 101
DISCUSSION......Page 103
CONCLUSIONS......Page 105
REFERENCES......Page 106
INTRODUCTION......Page 108
SO2 RETRIEVALS IN THE THERMAL INFRARED......Page 109
KILAUEA TEST SITE......Page 112
MOUNT ETNA TEST SITE......Page 115
Sources of Error......Page 117
Volcanic Clouds......Page 118
REFERENCES......Page 119
Passive Infrared Spectroscopic Remote Sensing of Volcanic Gases: Ground-Based Studies at White Island and Ruapehu, New Zealand, and Popocatepetl, Mexico......Page 123
2.1. Basic Principles, Definitions, and Conventions......Page 124
2.2. Thermal Contrast and the Detectability of IR Spectra......Page 125
3.1. Fourier Transform Spectroscopy......Page 127
3.5. COSPEC Measurements......Page 128
4. MEASUREMENTS AT WHITE ISLAND AND RUAPEHU, NEW ZEALAND......Page 129
4.2. Infrared Remote Sensing Results from Ruapehu......Page 130
5. INFRARED REMOTE SENSING AT POPOCATEPETL, MEXICO......Page 133
6. UTILITY, LIMITATIONS, AND FUTURE OF REMOTE PASSIVE FTIR SPECTROSCOPY......Page 137
REFERENCES......Page 142
Real-time Satellite Monitoring of Volcanic Hot Spots......Page 145
INTRODUCTION......Page 146
Hot Spot Detection and the Okmok Algorithm......Page 147
Information Dissemination: the AVO Alert Procedure......Page 149
MONITORING VOLCANIC HOT SPOTS USING GOES......Page 150
Hot Spot Detection and Monitoring Tools......Page 152
Web-Site Update and Hot Spot Detection Frequency......Page 153
Alerts, Activity, and Accuracy......Page 155
Kilauea, Mauna Loa, and Hualalai Hawaii......Page 157
Lascar Northern Chile......Page 158
Popocatepetl and Colima Mexico......Page 159
Cerro Azul Galapagos Islands and Cerro Negro Nicaragua......Page 160
ATSR......Page 161
REQUIREMENTS FOR A REAL-TIME SATELLITE-BASED VOLCANO MONITORING SYSTEM......Page 162
REFERENCES......Page 163
INTRODUCTION......Page 166
THERMAL REMOTE SENSING BASICS......Page 168
EVOLUTION OF LANDSAT DATA ANALYSIS TECHNIQUES......Page 172
Lava Dome Studies......Page 173
Lava Lakes and Mass Fluxes......Page 174
HYPERSPECTRAL REMOTE SENSING OF VOLCANIC FEATURES......Page 175
Data Reduction Methods......Page 176
Lava Flow Temperatures......Page 178
FUTURE TECHNOLOGY......Page 179
CONCLUSIONS......Page 180
REFERENCES......Page 181
VOLCANO STUDIES USING SATELLITE RADAR INTERFEROMETRY?AN INTRODUCTION......Page 183
Quantitative Theory......Page 185
InSAR Measurements as Constraints on Geophysical Parameters......Page 190
Limitations and Error Sources......Page 191
EXAMPLES OF INTERFEROMETRIC RADAR APPLICATIONS TO VOLCANO STUDIES......Page 192
Lava Flow Rates and Volumes......Page 193
Subsurface Dike Emplacement......Page 195
Volcanoes Exhibiting Clear Deformation......Page 197
Volcanoes with Possible Deformation......Page 200
Volcanoes Showing no Deformation......Page 203
CONCLUSIONS......Page 205
REFERENCES......Page 207
1. INTRODUCTION......Page 210
2.3. Specific Effects at Volcanoes......Page 212
2.4. Selecting and Processing Data for Interferometry......Page 215
3.1. Deformation Associated with Eruptions......Page 216
3.3. Post-Eruptive Adjustment of Volcanoes......Page 218
3.8. Absence of Deformation at Volcanoes......Page 219
5. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION......Page 222
REFERENCES......Page 223
Slopes of Oceanic Basalt Volcanoes......Page 225
DATA SETS......Page 226
Hawaii......Page 227
The Western Galapagos......Page 232
Grand Comoro......Page 234
Piton de la Fournaise......Page 235
SLOPE-FORMING PROCESSES......Page 237
DISCUSSION......Page 243
CONCLUSIONS......Page 247
REFERENCES......Page 248
1. INTRODUCTION......Page 250
2. THE LASER ALTIMETER SYSTEMS......Page 252
3. THE LONG VALLEY MISSIONS......Page 253
4.1. Lake Elevation......Page 255
4.3. Comparison of the Laser Data with GPS Data......Page 256
4.4. Digital Elevation Models......Page 257
4.5. Return Waveform Analysis......Page 261
4.6. Estimating Topographic Change 1993-1997......Page 262
5. DISCUSSION......Page 263
REFERENCES......Page 264
Appendix 1. Acronyms......Page 266
Appendix 2. Volcanoes Included in this Volume......Page 268
Appendix 3. Wavelength Regions for Volcano Studies......Page 270
SUBJECT INDEX......Page 271