Remote Sensing for Ecology and Conservation: A Handbook of Techniques (Techniques in Ecology and Conservation)

Contents......Page 6
Preface......Page 16
Acronyms List......Page 19
Acknowledgments......Page 23
Abbreviations......Page 24
Part I: Getting started: remote sensing fundamentals......Page 28
1.1 Our aims and objectives......Page 30
1.2 Why remote sensing tools are important......Page 31
1.3 Organization of the book......Page 36
1.4 Remote sensing: a technology in development......Page 41
2.1 Physical and practical limitations of remotely sensed imagery......Page 42
2.2 Accuracy......Page 52
2.3 Assessing in-house capabilities (institutional limitations)......Page 59
2.4 Summary......Page 62
3 Working with images......Page 64
3.1 Choosing the right type of imagery......Page 66
3.2 Software options......Page 75
3.3 Visualizing the data......Page 77
3.4 Additional processing......Page 86
3.5 Image interpretation and classification......Page 91
3.6 Summary......Page 105
Part II: Ecological systems and processes......Page 106
4.1 Land cover classification......Page 108
4.2 Monitoring land cover change......Page 119
4.3 Vegetation characteristics......Page 134
4.4 Summary......Page 146
5.1 Elevation......Page 147
5.2 Geology and soils......Page 163
5.3 Summary......Page 165
6 Marine and coastal environments......Page 167
6.1 Separating the surface, water column, and bottom......Page 168
6.2 Water properties......Page 181
6.3 Shallow benthic environments......Page 192
6.4 Summary......Page 200
7 Wetlands—estuaries, inland wetlands, and freshwater lakes......Page 201
7.1 Mangroves......Page 206
7.2 Salt and freshwater marshes......Page 208
7.4 Water quality mapping and monitoring......Page 219
7.5 Summary......Page 221
8 Atmosphere and climate......Page 222
8.1 Climate and the physical environment......Page 223
8.2 Clouds......Page 227
8.3 Aerosols......Page 231
8.4 Precipitation......Page 237
8.5 Winds......Page 248
8.6 Temperature and the radiation budget......Page 257
8.7 Global climate modeling applications to ecology and conservation......Page 265
8.8 Summary and a potential way forward through ecological forecasting......Page 268
9.1 Fires and logging in the humid tropics......Page 269
9.2 Remote sensing of fire and its aftermath......Page 274
9.3 Remote sensing of floods......Page 281
9.4 Other disturbance mechanisms......Page 285
9.5 Summary......Page 287
Part III: Putting remote sensing into practice: conservation and ecology applications......Page 288
10 Landscape fragmentation......Page 290
10.1 Fragmentation basics......Page 291
10.2 Fragmentation metrics......Page 294
10.3 Issues in processing fragmentation data......Page 297
10.4 Composition metrics......Page 301
10.5 Configuration, edge, and connectivity metrics......Page 303
10.6 Fractal dimensions......Page 306
10.7 Connectivity metrics......Page 307
10.8 Route network metrics......Page 308
10.9 Fragmentation analyses at different scales using remote sensing......Page 310
10.10 Summary......Page 311
11 Human interfaces and urban change......Page 312
11.1 Importance of remotely sensed data for studying urban interfaces......Page 313
11.2 Data sources for urban classification......Page 314
11.3 Data analysis techniques......Page 316
11.4 Accuracy measurements for urban change......Page 323
11.5 Texture analysis......Page 325
11.6 Complex urban land cover analyses......Page 328
11.7 Urban heat islands......Page 332
11.8 Summary......Page 333
12 Protected area design and monitoring......Page 334
12.1 Planning for protected areas......Page 336
12.2 Managing and monitoring protected areas......Page 341
12.3 Integrating remotely sensed data and social and economic considerations into protected area planning and monitoring......Page 343
12.4 Global-scale monitoring and resources for remotely sensed data and protected areas......Page 344
12.5 Summary and cautions about the use of remotely sensed data for protected area design and monitoring......Page 346
13 Integrating field data......Page 348
13.1 Integrating field data and remotely sensed data......Page 349
13.2 Summary......Page 359
14 Linking remote sensing with modeling......Page 360
14.1 What are models?......Page 362
14.2 How do I start? Steps to developing models......Page 363
14.3 What remote sensing products are commonly used in modeling?......Page 370
14.4 Summary......Page 376
15.1 Remote sensing and the road to a global ecology......Page 377
15.2 Remote sensing and global conservation......Page 384
15.3 A look ahead......Page 388
15.4 Summary......Page 390
Part IV: Appendices......Page 392
Appendix 1 The electromagnetic spectrum......Page 394
A2.1 Graphics software......Page 397
A2.2 Geographic information system (GIS) software......Page 398
A2.3 Specialized remote sensing software......Page 399
A2.4 Numerical analysis software......Page 400
A3.1 What is open source software?......Page 402
A3.4 What is out there and where can I get it?......Page 403
A4.1 Optical......Page 404
A4.2 Radar......Page 408
A4.3 Free remotely sensed data archives......Page 409
A5.1 What do you need to interpret images?......Page 411
A5.2 Different levels of interpretation......Page 412
A5.3 The elements of image interpretation......Page 414
A5.4 Practice, practice, practice......Page 422
A6.1 Clouds......Page 423
A6.2 Aerosols......Page 431
A6.3 Precipitation......Page 441
A6.4 Temperature......Page 442
References......Page 443
A......Page 478
B......Page 479
C......Page 480
D......Page 481
F......Page 482
G......Page 483
I......Page 484
L......Page 485
M......Page 486
O......Page 487
Q......Page 488
R......Page 489
S......Page 490
U......Page 492
W......Page 493
Z......Page 494