Remembering the Great War in the Middle East

Cover
Halftitle page
Title page
Copyright page
Contents
Contributors
Acknowledgements
Introduction Hans-Lukas Kieser, Pearl Nunn, Thomas Schmutz
	Myth and Memory of the Great War in Ottoman Turkey
	A Transnational Perspective
	Atatürk in New Zealand and Australia
	The chapters of this volume
	Macro-Conditions for Remembering the Ottoman Great War
Part One History Writing and the Politics of Commemoration
1 Turkish History Writing of the Great War: Facing Ottoman Legacy, Mass Violence and Dissent1
	The Historiographical Narrative established by the Military and Kemalism
	A Chronological and Geographical Framework proper to the Ottoman Fronts
	New Actors, New Sources, New Fields and New Approaches: A change in the writing of History?
	A Break with the Culture of Denial in Turkey
	Conclusion
2 National Remembrance and Anzac Day in Australia and New Zealand, 1916–2015
	Introduction
	Imperial-Civic Commemoration, 1916–1945
	Post-War Anzac Day: Protest and Crisis
	The ‘Anzac Revival’: Post-Imperial State Commemoration, 1990–2015
	Conclusion
3 April 24. Formation, Development and Current State of the Armenian Genocide Victims Remembrance Day
	Introduction
	The First Commemorations of the Victims of Mets Yeghern
	The First Commemoration of the Mets Yeghern Victims in Constantinople
	The Question of Commemoration of the Remembrance Day of the Victims of the Mets Yeghern in the First Republic of Armenia
	The Soviet-Turkish Treaties. The Issue of Nationalism and Impossibility of Commemoration the Remembrance Day under Stalinism
	The Armenian Church and the Problem of Observation of the Memory of the Mets Yeghern Victims in the 1920s–1960s
	Commemoration of the Remembrance Day of the Victims of Mets Yeghern in Armenian Communities of Diaspora in the 1920–1960s
	Commemoration of the Remembrance Day in Soviet Armenia
	Monument Dedicated to the Remembrance of the Victims of Mets Yeghern
	Commemoration of the 50th Anniversary of the Mets Yeghern by the Armenian Church
	The Peculiarities of the Mets Yeghern Remembrance Day Commemoration in Diaspora
	Further Commemorations of the Remembrance Day of the Victims of Armenian Genocide in Soviet Armenia and the Legislative Consolidation of 24 April
	The Karabagh Movement and the Changes of the Content of the Armenian Genocide Victims’ Remembrance Day
	Commemoration of the Remembrance Day of the Genocide Victims in the Context of the Commemorative Rituals of the Armenian People
	The Remembrance Day of the Victims of Armenian Genocide as a Political Factor
	The Problem of Re-formulating 24 April
4 Unremembering Gallipoli: A Complex History of World War I Memorialization and Historical Remembrance in Turkey
	Promoting the Child-Martyrs of Gallipoli Myth
	Gallipoli and the Nature of Representation
	Early Examples of Gallipoli Remembrance
	New Magazine ’s Special Gallipoli Issue in 1918 as the Initiator of New Remembrance
	Conclusion
Part Two National Narratives in the former Ottoman World
5 Official and Individual Lenses of the Remembrance of the First World War: Turkish Official Military Histories and Personal War Narratives
	Establishing the War History division
	The Impact of the War of Independence
	War History in the Cold War Context
	First World War History and the Commemorative Boom
	Conclusion
6 National Narratives Challenged: Ottoman Wartime Correspondence on Palestine
	Historical Background: Collective Memory, and Historiographical Debates
	Examining Ottoman Wartime Coded Telegrams
	Attitude toward Zionist Activity
	Treatment of the Civilian Population
	Treatment of Arab and Jewish Nationalists
	Conclusion
Part Three Australians’ Embrace of Gallipoli
7 From Unspeakable to Honourable: The Great War and Australian Narratives of the Turks
	Pre-war Perceptions: The ‘Unspeakable’ Turk
	The Declaration of War: Growing Anti-Turkish Sentiment
	The ‘Noble Enemy’ Emerges: The Gallipoli Experience
	The Interwar Period: Graves and Geopolitics
	Challenging the Narrative: Prisoners of War
	Conclusion
8 ‘Strong and friendly bonds . . . out of shared tragedy’1? The Gallipoli / Canakkale battles in Canberra’s City Planning and Architecture of Memory
	Early designs for the new capital of Canberra
	The impact of the First World War and the Gallipoli / Canakkale battles on the early city planning and construction in Canberra
	The National Capital Development Commission, the Gallipoli /  Canakkale battles and the development of Canberra in the 1950s and 1960s
	Renewed interest in the Gallipoli / Canakkale battles and the impact on the architectural shape of Canberra’s parliamentary triangle
	Conclusion
9 Gallipoli in Diasporic Memories of Sikhs and Turks
	Migration and Military Service
	Integrating Military Histories and Heritages
	Commemorating Gallipoli
	Conclusion
Part Four Contested Memories: New Zealand, Turkey and Armenians
10 ‘To Have and to Hold’: Chunuk Bair and the Foundations of New Zealand’s Gallipoli Imagining
	Introduction
	Annexing Anzac
	Bargaining with corpses
	Marking the Missing
	Making a Memorial
	Conclusion
11 New Zealand and the Armenian Genocide: Myths, Memory and Lost History
	Introduction
	The Nineteenth Century Armenian–New Zealand Connection
	The Armenian Genocide and the Gallipoli Invasion
	The Aftermath and a Resurgence of Killing
	Selective Memory and Active Forgetting
	Anzac Day and Reframing the First World War
	A Transformation: From ‘Unspeakable Turk’ to ‘Friend’
	The Rise of Atatürk in New Zealand: Past versus Present
	Aiding Denial: New Zealand and the Armenian Genocide
	Erased from New Zealand History
12 Can the Survivor Speak?1
	The life and work of an Ottoman bureaucrat: Madt‘ēōs Ēblighatian (1881–1960)
	Halajian: The cemetery of the living dead, known as Anatolia
	The first and foremost reservoir of denial: Ermeni Komitalarının Amâl ve Harekât-ı İhtilâ liyesi: İlân-ı Meşrutiyetten Evvel ve Sonra
	In lieu of a conclusion
Afterword
Select Bibliography
Index