Remediation engineering : design concepts

Remediation Engineering Design Concepts......Page 2
Table of Contents......Page 9
Foreword......Page 4
The Author......Page 5
Preface......Page 6
Acknowledgments......Page 7
1.1 Introduction......Page 17
Remediation Engineering Design Concepts......Page 0
1.2 Practice of Remediation Engineering......Page 18
2.1 Introduction......Page 19
2.2.1 Organic Contaminants......Page 20
2.2.1.1 Lump Parameters......Page 23
2.2.1.1.2 Total Organic Carbon (TOC)......Page 24
2.2.3.1 Solubility......Page 25
2.2.3.2 Vapor Pressure......Page 27
2.2.3.4 Density......Page 28
2.3 Hydrodynamic Processes......Page 29
2.4 Transport in the Unsaturated Zone......Page 31
2.5.1 Adsorption......Page 33
2.5.2 Ion Exchange......Page 36
2.5.3 Hydrolysis......Page 37
2.5.4 Oxidation and Reduction Reactions......Page 38
2.6 Biotic Processes......Page 39
2.7 Summary......Page 40
References......Page 41
3.1 Introduction......Page 43
3.2.1.1 Mathematical Evaluation of Airflow......Page 44
Correlation to soil’s physical properties.......Page 46
Pressure drawdown test.......Page 47
3.2.2 Contaminant Partitioning......Page 49
3.2.2.1.1 Vapor Pressure......Page 50
3.2.2.1.3 Henry’s Law Constant......Page 52
3.2.2.1.4 Soil Adsorption Coefficient......Page 53
3.2.2.1.8 Contaminant Partitioning Summary......Page 56
3.2.2.2.1 Soil Porosity......Page 57
3.2.2.2.4 Surface Seals and Air Inlet Wells......Page 58
3.2.2.2.5 Depth to Water Table......Page 60
3.3 Applicability......Page 61
3.3.1 Contaminant Applicability......Page 62
3.3.2 Site Characterization......Page 63
3.4 System Design......Page 64
3.4.1 Pilot Testing......Page 65
3.4.2.1 Empirical Approach......Page 68
3.4.2.2 Radius of Influence Approach......Page 70
3.4.2.3 Modeling Approach......Page 72
3.4.2.4 Example of a Modeling Approach......Page 73
Corrections For Gas Expansion.......Page 83
Correction for Partial Penetration.......Page 86
3.5 Bioventing......Page 87
3.5.2.1 Airflow Rate......Page 88
3.5.2.3 Temperature......Page 89
3.5.3.1 Equipment......Page 90
3.5.4.1 Closed Loop Bioventing......Page 91
3.5.4.2 Bioventing with Pressure Dewatering......Page 92
3.7.1 Thermal Oxidation......Page 93
3.7.2 Catalytic Oxidation......Page 96
3.7.3 Adsorption......Page 97
3.7.4 Condensation......Page 100
3.7.5 Biofiltration......Page 101
3.7.6 Membrane Filtration......Page 102
REFERENCES......Page 104
4.2 Governing Phenomena......Page 107
4.2.2 Direct Volatilization......Page 109
4.3.1 Examples Of Contaminant Applicability......Page 110
4.3.2 Geologic Considerations......Page 111
4.4.1 Air Injection Into Water-Saturated Soils......Page 112
4.4.3 Distribution of Airflow Pathways......Page 113
4.4.4 Groundwater Mixing......Page 115
4.5 System Design Parameters......Page 116
4.5.1 Air Distribution (Zone of Influence)......Page 117
4.5.2 Depth of Air Injection......Page 120
4.5.3 Air Injection Pressure and Flow Rate......Page 121
4.5.6 Contaminant Type and Distribution......Page 122
4.6 Pilot Testing......Page 124
4.7 Monitoring Considerations......Page 125
4.8 Process Equipment......Page 126
4.8.1 Air Compressor or Air Blower......Page 127
4.8.2 Other Equipment......Page 128
4.9.1 Horizontal Trench Sparging......Page 129
4.9.2 In-Well Air Sparging......Page 130
4.9.4 Vapor Recovery via Trenches......Page 131
4.10 Cleanup Rates......Page 132
4.11 Limitations......Page 134
4.13 Summary Of Case Studies In The Literature......Page 135
REFERENCES......Page 136
5.1 Introduction......Page 138
5.2 Microbial Metabolism......Page 139
5.2.1 Metabolism Modes......Page 140
5.3 Microbial Reactions And Pathways......Page 141
5.3.1.1 Aliphatic Hydrocarbons......Page 142
5.3.1.2 Aromatic Hydrocarbons......Page 143
5.3.1.3 Polynuclear Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs)......Page 145
5.3.2.1.1 Anaerobic Cometabolic Transformation of .........Page 147
5.3.2.1.2 Aerobic Cometabolic Transformation of CA.........Page 149
5.4 Biodegradation Kinetics and Rates......Page 151
5.5 Environmental Factors......Page 153
5.5.1 Microbial Factors......Page 154
5.5.2 Nutrients......Page 155
5.5.3.2 pH......Page 156
5.5.3.3 Moisture Content......Page 157
5.6 In Situ Bioremediation Systems......Page 158
5.6.1 Screening Criteria......Page 159
5.6.2 Raymond Process......Page 160
5.6.4 Pure Oxygen Injection......Page 161
5.6.5 Methanotrophic Biodegradation......Page 163
5.6.8 Natural Intrinsic Bioremediation......Page 164
5.6.8.1 Concept of Bio-Buffering......Page 165
5.6.8.2 Evaluation of Natural Intrinsic Bioremedia.........Page 167
5.8 Primary Knowledge Gaps......Page 169
REFERENCES......Page 170
6.1 Introduction......Page 173
6.3 Mass Removal Mechanisms......Page 174
6.4 Applicability of the Technology......Page 176
6.5.2 Equipment Needs......Page 177
6.5.4 Estimation of Mass Removal......Page 178
6.6 System Design......Page 180
6.6.2 Well Spacing and Groundwater Influence......Page 181
6.6.2.2 Width of Capture Zone at Extraction Well......Page 184
6.6.2.3 Example Calculations......Page 186
6.6.3 Pumping System Design......Page 187
6.6.3.1.1 Sizing of Liquid Ring Pump......Page 190
6.6.3.1.2 Cavitation......Page 191
6.7 Limitations......Page 192
6.8.1 Background......Page 193
6.8.3 Influent Quality......Page 195
REFERENCES......Page 199
7.2 Description of the Process......Page 200
7.2.1 Permeable Reactive Trench......Page 201
7.2.2.1 Single Gate System......Page 202
7.3.1 System Geometry......Page 205
7.3.1.2 Gate Width......Page 206
7.3.2.2 Types of Funnel Walls......Page 207
7.3.2.2.1 Slurry Walls......Page 208
7.3.2.2.2 Sheet Pile Walls......Page 209
7.3.3.2 In Situ Bioreactors......Page 210
7.3.3.3 Metal-Enhanced Abiotic Dechlorination......Page 212
7.3.3.4 Adsorption......Page 215
7.3.3.4.2 Ion Exchange Resins......Page 216
7.3.3.5 Precipitation......Page 217
7.3.4 Residence Time......Page 218
7.4.1 Groundwater Flow Patterns......Page 219
7.4.2 Underflow of Barrier......Page 221
7.4.4 Gradient Control......Page 222
7.4.5 Gate Design......Page 224
Demonstration Study 1......Page 225
Demonstration Study 3......Page 226
REFERENCES......Page 227
8.1 Introduction......Page 228
8.2.1 Heavy Metals Precipitation......Page 229
8.2.1.1 Chromium Precipitation......Page 232
8.2.1.2 Arsenic Precipitation......Page 233
8.2.2 In Situ Denitrification......Page 234
8.2.4 In Situ Chemical Oxidation......Page 235
8.3 Aquifer Parameters and Transport Mechanisms......Page 237
8.4 Design of In Situ Reactive Zones......Page 238
8.4.1 Optimum Pore Water Chemistry......Page 239
8.4.3 Injection of Reagents......Page 241
8.5 Regulatory Issues......Page 243
8.6 Future Work......Page 244
8.7.2 Injection/Monitoring Well System......Page 245
8.7.4 Monitoring Events......Page 247
REFERENCES......Page 249
9.2 Applicability......Page 250
9.2.1 Geologic Conditions......Page 251
9.3 Description of the Process......Page 252
9.3.1 Hydraulic Fracturing......Page 253
9.3.2 Pneumatic Fracturing......Page 255
9.4.2 Geotechnical Characterization......Page 257
9.5 Pilot Testing......Page 258
9.5.3 Fracture Point Installation......Page 259
9.5.4.3 Fracture Orientation......Page 260
9.5.4.4 Enhancement of Vapor or Fluid Movement......Page 261
9.6 System Design......Page 262
9.7.1 Soil Vapor Extraction Combined with Fracturi.........Page 263
9.7.5 In Situ Electrokinetics......Page 265
REFERENCES......Page 267
10.1 Introduction......Page 268
10.2.1 Direct Uptake......Page 269
10.2.2 Degradation in Rhizosphere......Page 270
10.3.2 Phytoextraction of Heavy Metals......Page 271
10.3.3 Phytosorption and Phytofiltration of Heavy .........Page 272
10.5 Field Applications of Phytoremediation......Page 273
REFERENCES......Page 276
11.1 Introduction......Page 278
11.2.2 Contaminants of Concern......Page 279
11.2.3 Water Chemistry......Page 280
11.2.5 Physical and Regulatory Constraints......Page 281
11.3 Screening of Options......Page 282
11.3.1 Oil/Water Separation......Page 284
11.3.2 Air Stripping......Page 286
11.3.2.1 Countercurrent Packed Columns......Page 287
11.3.2.3 Low Profile Sieve Tray Air Stripper......Page 289
11.3.2.4 Significance of Water Chemistry......Page 290
11.3.2.6 Steam Stripping......Page 292
11.3.3 Carbon Adsorption......Page 293
11.3.3.1 Carbon Adsorption System Design......Page 294
Mass transfer models.......Page 295
11.3.4 Chemical Oxidation......Page 297
11.3.5 Biodegradation......Page 298
Fluidized bed bioreactor.......Page 303
11.3.6 Membrane Filtration......Page 304
11.3.7 Ion Exchange......Page 306
11.3.8.1 Hydroxide Precipitation......Page 307
11.3.8.3 Carbonate Precipitation......Page 308
11.4.2 Mechanical and Electrical Engineering......Page 309
11.5.1 Treated Water Discharge Permit......Page 310
REFERENCES......Page 311
12.1.2 Emulsified Asphalt......Page 313
12.1.6 Inorganic Cementitious Processes......Page 314
12.1.7 Use of Additives in S/S Systems......Page 315
12.2.1 Stabilization of Metals......Page 316
12.3.1 Physical Tests......Page 317
12.3.2 Chemical Tests......Page 318
12.4.2 In Situ Applications......Page 319
REFERENCES......Page 323
Appendix A LIST OF POTENTIAL REMEDIATION TECHNOLOG.........Page 324
List of Potential Remediation Technologies......Page 325
Appendix B DESCRIPTION OF FLOW DEVICES......Page 328
Flow Control......Page 329
Flow Measurement......Page 330
Pressure Transducers......Page 332
Continuous Control......Page 333
ELECTRICAL CONTROL INSTRUMENTATION......Page 334
Appendix C PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF SOME COMMON ENVI.........Page 336
Physical Properties of Some Common Environmental C.........Page 337
Appendix D ENVIRONMENTAL DEGRADATION RATES FOR SEL.........Page 350
Environmental Degradation Rates......Page 351