Religions of Rome Volume 2 of 2

Religions of Rome 2: A Sourcebook......Page 2
Contents......Page 4
Acknowledgements......Page 5
Preface......Page 6
Conventions and abbreviations......Page 10
1 Earliest Rome......Page 12
1.1a Gods without images......Page 13
1.1b The 'numina'......Page 14
1.2 King Numa's reforms......Page 15
1.3 The archaic triad: Jupiter, Mars, Quirinus......Page 16
1.4a Ritual of the 'fetiales'......Page 18
1.4b The Rituals of Gubbio......Page 19
1.5a Alba Longa......Page 22
1.5b Lavinium......Page 23
1.5c The grove at Aricia......Page 26
1.5d The sanctuary of Diana at Rome......Page 27
1.6a Vediovis and the Julii......Page 28
1.6c Potitii and Pinarii......Page 29
1.7a Servius Tullius and the temple οf Fortuna......Page 30
1.7c The Volcanal......Page 32
1.9 Etruscan Rome and the Capitoline triad......Page 34
1.9b The temple of Jupiter, Juno and Minerva......Page 35
2.1 Gods in human form......Page 37
2.1b Jupiter and the emperor Trajan, from Trajan's arch at Beneventum (South Italy), A.D. 114......Page 38
2.1c Mercury introduces himself......Page 39
2.1d Christian ridicule of pagan gods......Page 40
2.2a Statuettes of the Lares......Page 41
2.2c The deities of the marriage bed......Page 43
2.3a Why abstract qualities are deified......Page 45
2.4 Roman debate on the character of the gods......Page 46
2.4b Arguments against the anthropomorphic form of the gods......Page 47
2.5 Interpretations of the goddess Vesta......Page 49
2.6a The 'evocatio' οf Juno of Veii......Page 52
2.6b The 'speaking god'......Page 53
2.7 Magna Mater (Cybele) and her cult......Page 54
2.7a The introduction of Magna Mater......Page 55
2.7b The Miracle of Claudia Quinta......Page 56
2.7c Magna Mater in her chariot......Page 57
2.7d Attis......Page 58
2.7e Magna Mater as the Earth......Page 59
2.8 From human to divine: becoming a god......Page 60
2.8a Romulus — founder into god......Page 61
2.8b The deification of the Emperor Antoninus Pius and his wife Faustina (A.D. 161)......Page 62
2.8c The emperor Commodus (A.D. 176—192) as Hercules......Page 63
2.9 Rome and 'barbarian' deities......Page 65
2.9 b Dedications to Mars Alator and Nudens Mars from Roman Britain......Page 66
2.10 One god: pagans, Jews and Christians......Page 67
2.10b The ass-headed god......Page 68
2.10c One god, invisible......Page 69
3 The calendar......Page 71
3.2 The republican calendar: Antium (84—55 B.C.)......Page 72
3.3a Calendar from Antium (84—55 B.C.)......Page 74
3.3b Calendar from Praeneste (A.D. 6-9)......Page 75
3.3d The Calendar of Filocalus (a.D. 354)......Page 78
3.4 A calendar from Cumae (A.D. 4-14)......Page 81
3.5 A military calendar from Dura Europus (A.D. 223-227)......Page 82
3.6 The calendar of the martyrs of Rome (A.D. 354)......Page 85
3.7 Calendar from Campania (A.D. 387)......Page 87
4.1a The temple of Portunus at Rome......Page 89
4.1b The temple of Portunus — ground plan......Page 90
4.2a Plan of the Forum of Augustus and its sculptural decoration......Page 91
4.2c The temple and its uses......Page 93
4.3a Reconstruction of the Ara Pacis......Page 94
4.3b Processional frieze from the Ara Pacis (north side)......Page 95
4.3c Relief of Aeneas on the Ara Pacis......Page 96
4.4 The Roman templum......Page 97
4.5 The grove of the Arval Brothers......Page 98
4.6 The cult centres of Mithras......Page 99
4.6a Cave of Mithras at S. Maria Capua Vetere (South Italy)......Page 100
4.6c The allegory of the cave......Page 101
4.7 Religious space and the Roman Forum......Page 102
4.8 The pomerium, the sacred boundary of the city......Page 104
4.8b The original 'pomerium' and its extensions......Page 105
4.8c Boundary stones of Claudius' 'pomerium'......Page 106
4.9 Sanctuaries of Latium: the temple complex of Fortuna Primigenia (Primordial Fortune) at Praeneste......Page 108
4.10 The forum at Pompeii......Page 110
4.11 The grove of Albunea and its oracle......Page 112
4.12 Religion of the home: the household shrine......Page 113
4.13a House-tombs at Isola Sacra - exterior......Page 115
4.13b House-tomb at Isola Sacra — interior......Page 116
4.14a The synagogue at Ostia......Page 118
4.14b Synagogue at Dura Europus, Syria - main room, with Torah shrine......Page 119
4.15a The house-church at Dura Europus (Syria) - ground plan......Page 121
4.15b The contents of a house-church at Cirta, North Africa—A.D. 303......Page 123
4.15c The basilica of St Peter in Rome: plan and reconstruction of the early church......Page 124
4.15d Fifteenth-century view of the inferior of Old St Peter's......Page 126
5.1 The Parilia......Page 127
5.1a The festival and its origins......Page 128
5.2 The Lupercalia......Page 130
5.2a The peculiarities of the Lupercalia......Page 131
5.2b Caesar and the Lupercalia......Page 132
5.2c The Lupercalia as a festival of the dead......Page 133
5.2e The Lupercalia and the Christians......Page 134
5.3b The party spirit......Page 135
5.4a Dancing warriors......Page 137
5.4b The Salian shields ('ancilia')......Page 138
5.4c The Salian hymn......Page 139
5.5a Scrupulous observance......Page 140
5.5c Goddesses at the banquet......Page 141
5.5d Changes in the fetial ritual for declaring war......Page 142
5.6a Fresco depicting a celebration of Magna Mater, from Pompeii......Page 143
5.6b The Spring festival of Magna Mater......Page 144
5.6c A procession of lsis......Page 145
5.6d Sacred objects of the Isiac cult......Page 147
5.7a The procession at the Roman Games (ludi Romani)......Page 148
5.7b The Saecular Games......Page 150
5.8 The ceremony of triumph......Page 155
5.8a The triumph of Aemilius Paullus, 167 B.C.......Page 156
5.8b The triumph of Tiberius (A.D. 12)......Page 158
6.1 The stages of sacrifice......Page 159
6.2 A record of sacrifice......Page 162
6.3a 'Suovetaurilia' on the farm......Page 163
6.3b The pimp's sacrifice......Page 164
6.4a Before animal sacrifice......Page 165
6.5 The season of the 'Sacred Spring (Ver Sacrum)......Page 166
6.6 Human sacrifice......Page 167
6.6a 'Devotio'— a general vows himself to the gods......Page 168
6.6b Sacrifice of Gauls and Greeks......Page 169
6.6c Accusations of human sacrifice......Page 170
6.7a The blood-drenehed sacrificant......Page 171
6.7b Inscribed record of a taurobolium......Page 173
6.8a The folly of animal sacrifice......Page 174
6.8b Refiisal to sacrifice......Page 175
6.8c Certificate of sacrifice......Page 176
7.1 Some early prophets......Page 177
7.1a The story of Attus Navius......Page 178
7.1b The old man of Veii......Page 179
7.1c Cacu and the Vibennae......Page 180
7.2 Public auspices......Page 182
7.3a The prodigies before the disaster at Trasimene, 217 B.c.......Page 183
7.3b Pliny on portents......Page 184
7.3c Eclipse before a battle......Page 185
7.4a Response from the 'haruspices'......Page 186
7.4b The Liver from Piacenza......Page 187
7.4c Reading the entrails......Page 188
7.4d The extispicy relief from Trojans Forum (early second century A.D.)......Page 189
7.5a A Sibylline Oracle of the Roman Republic......Page 190
7.5b Later Prophecy in the Sibylline tradition......Page 192
7.5c The Marcian Songs (212 B. C.)......Page 193
7.6a How to invent an oracle......Page 194
7.6b The prophecies of Montanus......Page 196
7.6c The oracle at Didyma speaks. . .......Page 197
7.7 Magical divination......Page 199
7.8b Augustine as an addict οf astrology......Page 200
7.9b The dream of a Christian martyr (A.D. 203)......Page 202
7.9c Professional dream-interpretation......Page 203
8.1 The earliest Roman priesthoods......Page 205
8.1a The origins ofthe priesthoods......Page 206
8.1b The priest of Jupiter: 'flamen Dialis'......Page 207
8.2a Cicero addresses the College of 'pontifices'......Page 208
8.2b The scandal οf Bona Dea <'The Good Goddess'>, 61 B.C.......Page 209
8.2d The choice of the 'flamen Dialis' 209 B.C.......Page 210
8.3 The administrative business of the priestly Colleges......Page 212
8.4a Numa establishes the priesthood of the Vestals......Page 213
8.4b Inscriptions honouring Vestals......Page 214
8.5 The emperor as priest......Page 215
8.5b Augustus becomes 'pontifex maximus'......Page 216
8.5c The portrait of the emperor Ehgabalus (A.D. 218-222)......Page 217
8.6a Priests of the wards of Rome......Page 218
8.6b The drunken 'Augustalis'......Page 219
8.7a Restrictions on Roman involvement in the cult of Magna Mater......Page 220
8.7b The eunuch 'gallus'......Page 221
8.7c Tomb portrait of a 'gallus'......Page 222
8.8 The caring priest of Isis......Page 223
8.9 Priesthoods of the later Roman aristocracy......Page 224
8.10b The emperor Gratian (A.D. 375-383) refuses the pontifical robe......Page 225
9.1a Scipio Africanus......Page 227
9.1b Sulla......Page 228
9.1c Pompey and 'felicitas'......Page 230
9.1d An afterlife for heroes......Page 231
9.2a Caesar as god......Page 233
9.2b Representations of power......Page 234
9.2c Claudius as god......Page 236
9.3a Aristocratic funerals......Page 237
9.3b Imperial apotheosis......Page 238
9.4a Paul as Hermes......Page 240
9.4c Souls as divine?......Page 241
9.5a A tenth for Hercules......Page 242
9.5c Help in illness......Page 243
9.5d 'Superstition' and worship......Page 244
9.6a Hell on earth......Page 246
9.6b Epitaphs......Page 247
9.6d The debate between pagan and Christian views......Page 248
10.1 The rules of Diana on the Aventine......Page 250
10.1b Altar dedication from Narbo Martius (Narbonne) in Gaul......Page 251
10.1c Altar dedication at Salona in Dalmatia (A.D. 137)......Page 252
10.2a The Constitution of a Roman colonia......Page 253
10.2c The Capitolium of a colonia......Page 255
10.3a Roma the Goddess (Miletus, c. 130 B.C.)......Page 257
10.4a Altar restored by decree of the 'quindecimviri sacris faciundis' (A.D. 213)......Page 259
10.4b Ruling of the 'quindecimviri sacris faciundis' (from near Baiae, A.D. 289)......Page 260
10.4d Pliny and Trajan on points of religious law......Page 261
10.4e Lex Narbonensis, on the flaminate (reign of Vespasian)......Page 263
10.5 Emperor-worship in the provinces......Page 264
10.5a Festival regulations from Greece (c. A.D. 15)......Page 265
10.5b Singers of Roma and Augustus at Pergamum (A.D. 117-138)......Page 266
10.5c Honours for Julia Domna at Athens (late 190s A.D.)......Page 268
10.6a A barbarian observer......Page 269
10.6b The jewish view......Page 270
11.1 Burning of the Books of Numa (181 B.C.)......Page 271
11.2a Extracts from commentaries by two lawyers of the third Century A.D. (Marcianus and Modestinus)......Page 272
11.2b Penalties for drugs and magic......Page 273
11.3 The fraudulent claims of the magi......Page 274
11.4 Love magic......Page 276
1.5a A lover's binding spell(third/fourth Century A.D. ?)......Page 277
11.5d A plea for retribution (third century A.D. ?)......Page 279
11.6 Magic and revelation......Page 280
11.7a Control of astrologers and soothsayers (early third Century A.D.)......Page 282
11.7b A ban on divination (A.D. 198-199)......Page 283
11.8a An ethnography of the Jews......Page 284
11.9 Regulation of clubs and associations......Page 286
11.11a Christians as scapegoats (A.D. 64)......Page 287
11.11b Correspondence between Pliny and Trajan (c. A.D. 110)......Page 288
11.11c Christian 'corruption' of the vulnerable......Page 290
11.11d Allegations of Christian immorality......Page 291
11.12 Ruling against the Manichees (A.D. 297 or 302)......Page 292
11.13a Letter of Constantine and Licinius on restoration of the church (A.D. 313)......Page 294
11.13b Gift to African church and fears of schism (winter A.D. 312—313)......Page 296
11.14 Theodosius' ban on sacrifices (A.D. 392)......Page 297
12.1a Roman discovery of the cult of Bacchus (186 Β. C.)......Page 299
12.1b An inscribed copy of the senatorial decree (186 B. C.)......Page 301
12.1c Regulations of a group of worshippers of Dionysos (second Century A.D.)......Page 302
12.2 Regulations of a society of Diana and Antinous......Page 303
12.3a Patrons and Initiates (A.D. 200-250)......Page 306
12.3b Divine Calling and the Hierarchy of the Sanctuary......Page 307
12.4a Praise of Isis, first Century B.C. or early first Century A.D.......Page 308
12.4b The revelation of Isis to Lucius......Page 309
12.4c The public standing of the cult (A.D. 251)......Page 311
12.4d The attraction for women......Page 312
12.4f An Isiac fraternity in Rome......Page 314
12.4g The cult of Osiris in A.D. 417......Page 315
12.5a The sanctuary of Felicissimus at Ostia and Mithraic grades......Page 316
12.5b Mithraic iconography......Page 318
12.5c Mithraic inscriptions......Page 319
12.5d Persia and initiation into the cult of Mithras......Page 322
12.5f The Mithraic ascent of the soul......Page 323
12.5g Mithraic cosmology......Page 324
12.5h Mithraic graffiti from Rome......Page 327
12.6b Incorporation of Judaism into Greek thought......Page 331
12.6c Roman privileges for the Jews......Page 333
12.6d Jewish catacombs in Rome......Page 334
12.6e A Jewish Community in Aphrodisias (perhaps early third century A.D.)......Page 337
12.6f Jews and Greeks in Alexandria (Egypt)......Page 338
12.6g The boundary with non-Jews in Palestine......Page 339
12.7 The Christians......Page 340
12.7a Critique of Greek and Roman cults......Page 341
12.7b The spread of Christianity......Page 343
12.7c The social composition of Christianity......Page 345
12.7d The practices of Christianity.......Page 348
12.7e Pluralism of early Christianity......Page 349
12.7f Persecution......Page 354
13.1 Roman piety?......Page 360
13.1b The view of a Greek historian......Page 361
13.2 Roman philosophical critique......Page 362
13.2b Arguments against divination......Page 363
13.3 Cicero's ideal Roman religion......Page 364
13.4 Satirizing women's religion......Page 366
13.5a Magic as an 'idle enthusiasm'......Page 367
13.5c Living with the gods......Page 368
13.5f That the gods exist......Page 369
13.6 Religion and empire......Page 370
13.8 Christianity as the real religion of Rome......Page 371
13.9 The old and the new cities of god......Page 373
Glossary......Page 376
Deities and their epithets......Page 380
1. Literary texts......Page 382
2. Secondary literature......Page 386
Details of illustrations......Page 413
1. Literary Texts......Page 416
2. Inscriptions and Graffiti......Page 418
4. Coins......Page 420
General index......Page 421