Reliable Communications for Short-Range Wireless Systems

Cover......Page 1
Half-title......Page 3
Title......Page 5
Copyright......Page 6
Contents......Page 7
Contributors......Page 13
1 Short-range wireless communications and reliability......Page 17
1.1.1 Enabling factors......Page 18
1.1.2 Short-range versus medium/long-range communications......Page 19
1.1.3 High-rate versus low-rate communications......Page 20
1.1.4 Review of frequency regulations and available frequency bands......Page 22
1.2 Definition of reliability......Page 23
1.2.1 Reliability at the PHY layer......Page 24
1.2.1.1 Attenuation......Page 26
1.2.1.3 Interference sources......Page 27
1.2.3 Reliability at the routing layer......Page 28
1.3 Review of related wireless standards......Page 29
1.3.1 Bluetooth......Page 32
1.3.2 IEEE 802.15.5 (mesh networking)......Page 33
1.3.2.1 Low-rate WPAN mesh......Page 34
1.3.2.2 High-rate WPAN mesh......Page 35
1.3.3 IEEE 802.15 TG6 (body area networks (BANs))......Page 36
1.3.4 IEEE 802.15 TG7 (visible light communication)......Page 38
1.3.5 ISA SP100.11a (process control and monitoring)......Page 39
References......Page 40
Part I: High-rate systems......Page 45
2.1 Overview and application scenarios......Page 47
2.2 ECMA-368 high-rate UWB standard......Page 51
2.2.1 Transmitter structure......Page 52
2.2.2 Signal model......Page 53
2.2.3 System parameters......Page 55
2.3 ECMA-387 millimeter-wave radio standard......Page 56
2.3.1.1 Type A devices......Page 59
2.3.1.2 Type B devices......Page 62
2.3.2 Signal models......Page 63
2.3.3.1 Mode-dependent parameters......Page 66
2.3.3.2 Timing-related and frame-related parameters......Page 67
2.4 IEEE 802.15.3c millimeter-wave radio standard......Page 69
2.4.1 Single-carrier PHY......Page 71
2.4.2 High-speed interface PHY......Page 72
2.4.3 Audio/visual PHY......Page 73
References......Page 75
3.1 Channel models for high-rate systems......Page 77
3.1.1 Large-scale propagation effects......Page 78
3.1.2 Small-scale propagation effects......Page 79
3.1.3 Discrete-time model......Page 84
3.2 Review of channel estimation techniques......Page 86
3.2.1 Signal model for channel frequency response estimation......Page 88
3.2.2 LS channel frequency response estimator......Page 91
3.2.3 LMMSE channel frequency response estimator......Page 92
3.2.4 ML channel frequency response estimator......Page 94
3.2.5.1 Stage 1 – initial CFR estimation......Page 96
3.2.5.2 Stage 2 – enhanced CFR estimation......Page 98
3.2.5.3 MSE performance......Page 99
3.2.6 Complexity comparison......Page 100
3.3 Impact of channel estimation error on performance......Page 101
3.3.1 Average uncoded SER......Page 102
3.3.2 FER performance......Page 104
References......Page 106
4 Adaptive modulation and coding for high-rate systems......Page 109
4.1 Adaptive modulation and coding (AMC)......Page 110
4.2 AMC in MB-OFDM systems......Page 111
4.3.1 Superframe structure and DRP......Page 113
4.3.2 Block-acknowledgment mechanism......Page 114
4.4.1 Body shadowing effect on UWB channels......Page 115
4.4.3 Channel state transitions......Page 117
4.5.2 Markovian analysis......Page 118
4.5.3 Packet drop rate and throughput......Page 121
4.6 Simulation results......Page 122
4.7.1 AMC mechanism in ECMA-387......Page 124
4.7.2 MAC protocol in ECMA-387......Page 125
4.8 Summary......Page 126
References......Page 127
5.1 Principles of MIMO systems......Page 129
5.2.1 Channel model......Page 131
5.2.2 Spatial correlation......Page 132
5.2.3 Channel capacity......Page 134
5.2.4 The role of multipath......Page 135
5.2.5 Time-reversal prefiltering......Page 136
5.3 MIMO for 60 GHz systems......Page 139
5.3.2 Spatial correlation......Page 140
5.3.3 Beamforming......Page 142
5.3.3.1 Subcarrier-wise beamforming......Page 143
5.3.3.2 Symbol-wise beamforming......Page 144
5.3.4 Receiver performance......Page 145
5.4 Conclusion......Page 148
References......Page 149
Part II: Low-rate systems......Page 153
6.1 Overview and application examples......Page 155
6.2.1 Channel allocations in ZigBee and IEEE 802.15.4......Page 158
6.2.2 Data transmission methods in ZigBee and IEEE 802.15.4......Page 159
6.2.2.1 Unslotted CSMA-CA......Page 161
6.2.2.3 Contention free period......Page 162
6.2.3 Network channel managing for interference resolution......Page 164
6.3.1 Channel allocations......Page 165
6.3.2.1 UWB PHY......Page 167
6.3.2.2 CSS PHY......Page 169
6.3.3.1 UWB PHY......Page 170
6.3.4 Ranging and location awareness......Page 172
6.4.1 EGTS......Page 174
6.4.2 Low latency protocol (LLP)......Page 177
6.4.3 Time synchronized channel hopping (TSCH)......Page 178
6.5 IEEE 802.15.4f (active RFID)......Page 179
6.6 IEEE 802.15.4g (smart utility networks)......Page 180
References......Page 181
7.1 Introduction......Page 184
7.2.1 Signal and channel model......Page 186
7.2.2 Estimation errors of channel parameters......Page 187
7.3 Reliability with channel estimation errors......Page 189
7.3.1 SNR analysis......Page 190
7.3.2 BER analysis......Page 192
7.4.1 Allocations of power to pilot symbols......Page 196
7.4.2 Signal bandwidth......Page 197
7.4.3 Design of rake receivers......Page 200
7.5 Concluding remarks......Page 202
References......Page 203
8.1.1 Receiver design for MAI mitigation......Page 206
8.1.1.2 Linear detectors......Page 211
Quasi-decorrelator......Page 212
Optimal and suboptimal schemes for multipath channels......Page 213
8.1.1.3 Iterative algorithms......Page 218
Subspace approaches......Page 223
8.1.2 Coding design for MAI mitigation......Page 224
8.1.2.1 Time-hopping sequence design......Page 225
8.1.2.2 Pseudo-chaotic time-hopping......Page 226
8.1.2.3 Multistage block-spreading (MSBS)......Page 227
8.2 Mitigation of narrowband interference (NBI)......Page 228
8.2.1 UWB and narrowband system models......Page 229
8.2.2.1 Multi-carrier approach......Page 231
8.2.2.3 Pulse shaping......Page 232
8.2.2.4 Other NBI avoidance methods......Page 234
8.2.3 NBI cancelation......Page 235
8.2.3.2 Frequency domain techniques......Page 236
8.2.3.4 Time-domain techniques......Page 237
8.3 Interference awareness......Page 238
References......Page 242
9.1.1 Introduction and motivation......Page 250
9.1.2 Spectrum sensing for cognitive radio networks......Page 251
9.2.1 Detecting the interference: spectrum sensing in WPANs......Page 252
9.2.2 Test-bed configuration and scenarios......Page 253
9.2.2.1 IEEE 802.11b energy distribution......Page 254
9.2.2.2 IEEE 802.15.4 performance under interference......Page 255
9.2.2.3 Scenarios......Page 256
9.2.4 Duration of the sensing window......Page 257
9.3 Interference characterization and performance degradation......Page 260
9.3.1.1 Energy distributions......Page 261
9.3.1.2 Throughput......Page 265
9.3.2 Indoor 1......Page 266
9.3.2.1 Energy distributions......Page 267
9.3.3 Indoor 2......Page 271
9.3.3.1 Energy distributions......Page 272
9.3.3.2 Throughput......Page 273
9.3.4 Analyzing the different spectrum evaluation metrics......Page 276
9.4.1 Algorithm description......Page 277
9.4.2 Simulation results......Page 279
Acknowledgments......Page 283
References......Page 284
10.1 Background on energy efficiency......Page 286
10.1.1 Measure of energy consumption......Page 291
10.2 Energy saving MACs......Page 292
10.2.1.1 Automatic delivery......Page 293
10.2.1.2 Transmitter notification......Page 294
10.2.1.3 Receiver query......Page 297
10.2.2 Symmetric multihop MACs......Page 298
10.2.2.1 Transmitter notification......Page 299
10.2.2.2 Transmitter sweep......Page 300
10.2.2.3 Receiver notification......Page 302
10.2.2.4 Comparison......Page 304
References......Page 305
Part III: Selected topics for improved reliability......Page 307
11.1.1 Reliability via cooperative communication......Page 309
11.1.2 Overview of methods......Page 311
11.2.1 Basic principles......Page 313
11.2.2 Basic “building block'' network and protocol......Page 314
11.2.3 Basic network: analysis and results......Page 317
11.2.3.1 Optimal transmission strategy......Page 318
11.2.3.2 Illustrative numerical results......Page 319
11.2.4 Routing......Page 320
11.2.4.1 Illustrative numerical results......Page 323
11.3.1 Basic principles......Page 324
11.3.2.1 Two-phase quasi-synchronous protocol......Page 326
11.3.3 Basic network: analysis and results......Page 327
11.3.3.2 Rayleigh fading......Page 328
11.3.3.3 Shadowing......Page 330
11.3.3.4 Illustrative numerical results......Page 331
11.3.3.5 Flooding: performance computation......Page 332
11.3.3.6 Performance......Page 333
11.3.4 Routing......Page 334
11.3.4.1 System model......Page 335
11.3.4.2 Route and resource optimization......Page 336
11.3.4.3 Illustrative numerical results......Page 337
References......Page 338
12.1 Introduction......Page 342
12.2 Signaling in multiple-relay networks......Page 343
12.3 Motivations for relay selection......Page 344
12.4 Overview of relay selection......Page 346
12.4.1 System model and mathematical background......Page 347
12.4.2 Relay selection strategies......Page 349
12.5 Limited feedback centralized relay selection......Page 353
12.5.1 Outage probability and effective rate......Page 355
12.5.2 DMT analysis......Page 357
References......Page 359
13.1 Introduction......Page 363
13.2.1.1 General assumptions......Page 368
13.2.1.2 Channel and signal model......Page 369
13.2.1.3 Coding framework......Page 371
13.2.1.4 Power–bandwidth tradeoff measures......Page 372
13.2.2 Power-bandwidth tradeoff characterization......Page 373
13.2.2.1 Fixed-rate multihop relaying......Page 374
13.2.2.2 Rate-adaptive multihop relaying......Page 375
13.2.2.3 Remarks on Theorems 13.1 and 13.2......Page 376
13.3.1.1 General assumptions......Page 378
13.3.1.2 Channel and signal model......Page 379
13.3.1.4 Power–bandwidth tradeoff measures......Page 381
13.3.2 Upper-limit on MRN power-bandwidth tradeoff......Page 383
13.3.3 MRN power-bandwidth tradeoff with practical LDMRB techniques......Page 385
13.3.3.1 Spectral efficiency versus Eb/N0......Page 386
13.3.3.2 Interpretation of Theorem 13.4......Page 392
13.3.3.3 Bursty signaling in the low SNR regime......Page 393
13.3.4 Numerical results......Page 394
13.3.5 Section summary......Page 398
References......Page 399
14.1 Introduction......Page 402
14.2 Opportunistic scheduling/multiuser diversity......Page 404
14.2.1 Unicast case......Page 405
14.2.2 Multicast case......Page 407
14.3.1 Unicast case......Page 410
14.3.1.2 Network coding......Page 411
14.3.2 Multicast case......Page 413
14.3.2.1 Delay efficient MDS codes......Page 416
14.4 Media quality driven scheduling......Page 417
References......Page 420
Index......Page 423