Reinforced polymer composites processing, characterization and post life cycle assessment

1 Overview and Present Status of Reinforced Polymer Composites 1 Furkan Ahmad, Inderdeep Singh, and Pramendra K. Bajpai1.1 Introduction 11.2 FRPCs 41.2.1 Fabrication of Fiber Reinforced Composites 41.2.2 Present Status of FRPCs 51.3 FRPCs Applications and Future Prospects 91.4 Conclusion 12References 122 Fabrication of Short Fiber Reinforced Polymer Composites 21 Ujendra K. Komal, Manish K. Lila, Saurabh Chaitanya, and Inderdeep Singh2.1 Introduction 212.2 Challenges with Composite Materials 232.3 Preprocessing of Natural Fibers and Polymeric Matrix 252.3.1 Fiber Surface Modification 252.3.2 Compounding of Natural Fibers and Polymeric Matrix 252.4 Processing of Polymeric Matrix Composites 262.4.1 Selection of Processing Techniques 282.4.2 Injection Molding 292.4.2.1 Operating Parameters 292.4.2.2 Challenges in Injection Molding of Natural Fiber-Based Composites 332.4.2.3 Fabrication of Polymeric Composites by Injection Molding Process 342.4.2.4 Mechanical Performance of Injection Molded Composites 342.5 Conclusions 35References 363 Fabrication of Composite Laminates 39 Sandhyarani Biswas and Jasti Anurag3.1 Introduction 393.2 Fabrication Processes 403.2.1 Hand Lay-up Process 403.2.2 Filament Winding Process 423.2.3 Compression Molding Process 433.2.4 Vacuum Bagging Process 453.2.5 Autoclave Molding 463.2.6 Resin Transfer Molding (RTM) Process 463.2.7 Pultrusion Process 483.3 Conclusions 49References 504 Processing of Polymer-Based Nanocomposites 55 Ramesh K. Nayak, Kishore K. Mahato, and Bankim C. Ray4.1 Introduction 554.2 Classification of Nanomaterials 584.2.1 Nanocomposites 584.2.2 Polymer Matrix Nanocomposites 594.3 Fabrication Techniques of Polymer Matrix Nanocomposites 604.3.1 Ultrasonic and Dual Mixing 614.3.2 Three-Roll Mixing of Nano-fillers in PMC 634.3.3 Intercalation Method 644.3.4 Sol-Gel Method 674.3.5 Direct Mixing of Polymer and Nano-fillers 684.3.5.1 Melt Compounding 684.3.5.2 Solvent Method 694.4 Future Perspective and Challenges 70Acknowledgment 71References 715 Advances in Curing Methods of Reinforced Polymer Composites 77 Ankit Manral, Furkan Ahmad, and Bhasha Sharma5.1 Introduction 775.2 Curing Method 795.3 Thermal Curing of FRPC 815.3.1 Autoclave Curing 815.3.1.1 Properties of FRPCs Influenced by Autoclave Parameters 855.3.2 Induction Curing 865.3.3 Resistance Curing 895.3.4 Microwave Curing 905.3.4.1 Properties Influenced by Microwave Curing of FRPC 925.3.5 Ultrasonic Curing 935.4 Radiation Curing of FRPCs 935.4.1 Electron Beam Radiation Curing 965.4.2 Ultraviolet Curing (UV) 985.5 Conclusion 99References 1006 Friction and Wear Analysis of Reinforced Polymer Composites 105Pawan Kumar Rakesh and Lalit Ranakoti6.1 Introduction 1056.1.1 Fiber Reinforced Plastics 1056.1.2 Failure Mechanism of Fiber Reinforced Plastics 1066.1.3 Adhesion Wear 1076.1.4 Abrasive Wear 1096.1.5 Fatigue Wear 1096.1.6 Wear Testing Method 1116.2 Results and Discussion 1146.3 Conclusions 116References 1167 Characterization Techniques of Reinforced Polymer Composites 119 Manish K. Lila, Ujendra K. Komal, and Inderdeep Singh7.1 Introduction 1197.2 Fiber Reinforced Polymers 1207.3 Characterization of FRPs 1217.4 Chemical Characterization 1227.5 Physical Characterization 1267.5.1 Microscopic Characterization 1267.5.2 Density 1287.5.3 Void Fraction 1297.5.4 Surface Hardness 1307.5.5 Surface Roughness 1317.6 Mechanical Characterization 1327.6.1 Tensile test 1337.6.2 Compression Test 1347.6.3 Flexural Test 1357.6.4 Impact Test 1367.6.5 Shear Test 1367.7 Thermal Characterization 1377.7.1 Thermal Properties 1387.7.2 Thermogravimetric Analysis 1397.7.3 Differential Thermal Analysis (DTA) and Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) 1397.7.4 Dynamic Mechanical Analysis (DMA) 1407.8 Durability Characterization 1407.8.1 Creep Testing 1417.8.2 Fatigue Testing 1417.8.3 Wear Testing 1427.8.4 Fire Testing 1437.8.5 Environmental Testing 1437.9 Conclusion 144References 1448 Detection of Delamination in Fiber Metal Laminates Based on Local Defect Resonance 147 Tanmoy Bose, Subhankar Roy, and Kishore Debnath8.1 Introduction 1478.2 Local Defect Resonance Based Nondestructive Evaluation 1498.2.1 Concept of Local Defect Resonance 1498.2.2 Modeling of GLARE-Fiber Metal Laminate 1508.2.3 Determination of LDR Frequency from Steady State Analysis 1528.3 Super-Harmonic and Subharmonic Excitation in Fiber Metal Laminates 1538.4 Detection of LDR Frequency Using Bicoherence Analysis 1558.4.1 Theory of Bicoherence Estimation 1558.4.2 Case Study of a Flat Bottom Hole 1578.4.2.1 Modeling of a Flat Bottom Hole 1578.4.2.2 Determination of LDR Frequency Using Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) Plot 1598.4.2.3 Determination of LDR Frequency Using Bicoherence Analysis 1598.4.2.4 Validation of the LDR Frequency Using Steady State Analysis 1618.5 Concluding Remarks 161References 1629 Secondary Processing of Reinforced Polymer Composites by Conventional and Nonconventional Manufacturing Processes 165 Manpreet Singh, Sarbjit Singh, and Parvesh Antil9.1 Introduction 1659.2 Secondary Processing of Reinforced Polymer Matrix Composites by Conventional Machining 1669.2.1 Conventional Drilling of Reinforced Polymer Matrix Composites 1669.2.2 Grinding Assisted Drilling of Reinforced Polymer Matrix Composites 1679.2.3 Vibration Assisted Drilling (VAD) of Reinforced Polymer Matrix Composites 1689.2.4 High Speed Drilling (HSD) of Reinforced Polymer Matrix Composites 1689.2.5 Drilling of Reinforced Polymer Matrix Composites with Drill Bit Geometry of Different Materials 1689.2.6 Milling of Reinforced Polymer Matrix Composites 1719.2.7 Turning of Reinforced Polymer Matrix Composites 1719.3 Secondary Processing of Reinforced Polymer Matrix Composites by Nonconventional Machining 1739.3.1 Laser Beam Machining of Reinforced Polymer Matrix Composites 1739.3.2 Ultrasonic Machining of Reinforced Polymer Matrix Composites 1749.3.3 Abrasive Water Jet Machining of Reinforced Polymer Matrix Composites 1759.3.4 Electrical Discharge Machining of Reinforced Polymer Matrix Composites 1789.3.5 Electrochemical Discharge Machining of Reinforced Polymer Matrix Composites 1799.4 Concluding Remarks 180References 18110 Hybrid Glass Fiber Reinforced Polymer Matrix Composites: Mechanical Strength Characterization and Life Assessment 189 Parvesh Antil, Sarbjit Singh, and Manpreet Singh10.1 Introduction 18910.2 Polymer Matrix Composites (PMCs) 19110.2.1 Matrix 19110.2.2 Reinforcement 19110.2.3 Fabrication of HGFRPC 19210.2.4 Morphology of Normal and Hybrid PMC 19310.2.5 Mechanical Strength Analysis 19410.2.6 Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy 19710.3 Environmental Degradation of PMCs 19910.4 Life Assessment of PMCs 20110.4.1 Morphological Inspection 20210.5 Conclusions 205References 20611 Fire Performance of Natural Fiber Reinforced Polymeric Composites 209 Divya Zindani, Kaushik Kumar, and Joao Paulo Davim11.1 Introduction 20911.2 Flammability Aspects and Thermal Properties of Natural Fibers and Natural Fiber Reinforced Polymeric Composites 21011.3 Fire Retardants 21611.4 Flame Retardants 21611.4.1 Mineral Flame Retardants 21611.4.2 Bulging of Flame Retardants 21711.5 Fire Performance for Usability as Materials in Transportation 21811.6 Fire Performance for Usability as Building Materials 21911.7 Summary 220References 22112 Post Life Cycle Processing of Reinforced Thermoplastic Polymer Composites 225 N.H. Salwa, S.M. Sapuan, M.T.Mastura, and M.Y.M. Zuhri12.1 Introduction 22512.2 Polymer Composites 22612.2.1 Thermoplastic Polymer 22712.2.2 Reinforcing Fibers in Composites 22812.2.3 Green Bio-composites 22912.3 Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) 23012.3.1 Definition 23012.3.1.1 Goal and Scope 23312.3.1.2 Life Cycle Inventory (LCI) 23412.3.1.3 Life Cycle Impact Assessment (LCIA) 23512.3.1.4 Life Cycle Results Interpretation 23712.4 LCA Studies on Bio-composites 23812.4.1 LCA Bio-composites 23812.4.1.1 LCA Natural Fiber 23912.4.2 LCA Biopolymer 24012.5 LCA Limitations 24112.6 Conclusions 243Acknowledgment 244References 24413 Reprocessing and Disposal Mechanisms for Fiber Reinforced Polymer Composites 249 Vijay Chaudhary, Khushi Ram, and Furkan Ahmad 13.1 Introduction 24913.2 Reprocessing or Recycling Methods of Fiber Reinforced Polymer Composites 25113.3 Mechanical Recycling 25213.4 Chemical Recycling 25413.5 Hydrolytic Degradation of Fiber Reinforced Polymer Composite 25513.6 Photodegradation of Polymer Composite 25613.7 Biodegradation of Fiber Reinforced Polymer Composites 25713.8 Conclusion 258References 262Index 267