Reinforced concrete design

Cover......Page 1
Half Title......Page 2
REINFORCED CONCRETE DESIGN......Page 4
Copyright......Page 5
Contents in Brief......Page 6
Contents......Page 8
Preface......Page 22
About the Authors......Page 26
Conversion Factors......Page 28
 1.1 Reinforced Concrete Structures......Page 32
 1.2 Historical Background......Page 33
 1.3 Concrete......Page 35
 1.4 Cement......Page 36
 1.6 Admixtures......Page 37
 1.7 Compressive Strength......Page 40
 1.8 Tensile Strength......Page 43
 1.10 Modulus of Elasticity......Page 45
 1.11 Creep and Shrinkage......Page 47
 1.12 Concrete Quality Control......Page 49
 1.13 Steel Reinforcement......Page 50
 1.14 Fiber-​Reinforced Concrete......Page 56
 Selected References......Page 57
 2.2 ACI Building Code......Page 62
 2.3 Strength Design and Working Stress Methods......Page 63
 2.5 Strength Design Method......Page 64
 2.6 Safety Provisions—​General......Page 65
 2.7 Safety Provisions—​ACI Code Load Factors and Strength Reduction Factors......Page 67
 2.8 Serviceability Provisions—​General......Page 69
 2.10 Handbooks and Computer Software......Page 70
 2.11 Dimensions and Tolerances......Page 71
 Selected References......Page 72
 3.1 General Introduction......Page 74
 3.2 Flexural Behavior and Strength of Rectangular Sections......Page 75
 3.3 Whitney Rectangular Stress Distribution......Page 78
 3.4 Nominal Flexural Strength Mn—​Rectangular Sections Having Tension Reinforcement Only......Page 79
 3.5 Balanced Strain Condition......Page 82
 3.6 Tension-​ and Compression-​Controlled Sections......Page 83
 3.7 Minimum Tension Reinforcement......Page 89
 3.8 Design of Rectangular Sections in Bending Having Tension Reinforcement Only......Page 91
 3.9 Practical Selection for Beam Sizes, Bar Sizes, and Bar Placement......Page 95
 3.10 Nominal Flexural Strength Mn of Rectangular Sections Having Both Tension and Compression Reinforcement......Page 103
 3.11 Design of Beams Having Both Tension and Compression Reinforcement......Page 109
 3.12 Nonrectangular Sections......Page 115
 3.13 Effect of As, As', b, d, fc', and fy on Flexural Behavior......Page 117
 Problems......Page 119
 4.1 General......Page 125
 4.3 Effective Flange Width......Page 126
 4.4 Nominal Moment Strength Mn of T-​Sections......Page 128
 4.5 Design of T-​Sections in Bending......Page 136
 Problems......Page 139
 5.1 Introduction......Page 141
 5.2 Shear Stresses Based on Linear Elastic Behavior......Page 142
 5.3 Combined Normal and Shear Stresses......Page 144
 5.4 Behavior of Beams without Shear Reinforcement......Page 145
 5.5 Shear Strength of Beams without Shear Reinforcement—​ACI Approach......Page 150
 5.6 Function of Web Reinforcement......Page 153
 5.7 Truss Model for Reinforced Concrete Beams......Page 156
 5.8 Shear Strength of Beams with Shear Reinforcement—​ACI Approach......Page 159
 5.9 Deformed Steel Fibers as Shear Reinforcement......Page 160
 5.10 ACI Code Design Provisions for Shear......Page 161
 5.11 Critical Section for Nominal Shear Strength Calculation......Page 166
 5.12 Shear Strength of Beams—​Design Examples......Page 167
 5.13 Shear Strength of Members under Combined Bending and Axial Load......Page 177
 5.14 Deep Beams......Page 182
 5.15 Shear Friction......Page 183
 5.16 Brackets and Corbels......Page 188
 Selected References......Page 199
 Problems......Page 203
 6.1 General......Page 207
 6.2 Development Length......Page 208
 6.3 Flexural Bond......Page 210
 6.4 Bond Failure Mechanisms......Page 211
 6.5 Flexural Strength Diagram—​Bar Bends and Cutoffs......Page 213
 6.6 Development Length for Tension Reinforcement—​ACI Code......Page 216
 6.7 Modification Factors ψt, ψe , ψs, and λ to the Bar Development Length Equations—​ACI Code......Page 221
 6.8 Development Length for Compression Reinforcement......Page 225
 6.10 Development Length for a Tension Bar Terminating in a Standard Hook......Page 226
 6.11 Bar Cutoffs in Negative Moment Region of Continuous Beams......Page 229
 6.12 Bar Cutoffs in Positive Moment Region of Continuous Beams......Page 232
 6.13 Bar Cutoffs in Uniformly Loaded Cantilever Beams......Page 233
 6.14 Development of Positive Reinforcement at Simple Supports and at Points of Inflection......Page 240
 6.15 Development of Shear Reinforcement......Page 242
 6.16 Tension Lap Splices......Page 244
 6.17 Welded Splices and Mechanical Connections in Tension......Page 246
 6.18 Compression Lap Splices......Page 247
 6.21 Design Examples......Page 248
 Selected References......Page 265
 Problems......Page 267
 7.1 Introduction......Page 270
 7.2 Analysis Methods under Gravity Loads......Page 271
 7.3 Arrangement of Live Load for Moment Envelope......Page 272
 7.4 ACI Code—​Arrangement of Live Load and Moment Coefficients......Page 277
 7.5 ACI Moment Diagrams......Page 278
 7.6 Shear Envelope for Design......Page 281
 Problems......Page 283
 8.2 Analysis Methods......Page 285
 8.3 Slab Design......Page 286
 8.4 Choice of Reinforcement......Page 289
 8.5 Bar Details......Page 295
 Problems......Page 296
 9.1 Introduction......Page 297
 9.2 Size of Beam Web......Page 298
 9.3 Continuous Frame Analysis for Beams......Page 301
 9.4 Choice of Longitudinal Reinforcement in Beams......Page 305
 9.5 Shear Reinforcement in Beams......Page 316
 9.6 Details of Bars in Beams......Page 318
 9.7 Size of Girder Web......Page 325
 9.8 Continuous Frame Analysis for Girders......Page 328
 9.9 Choice of Longitudinal Reinforcement in Girders......Page 331
 9.10 One-​Way Joist Floor Construction......Page 337
 9.11 Design of Joist Floors......Page 338
 9.12 Redistribution of Moments—​Introduction to Limit or Plastic Analysis......Page 343
 Selected References......Page 348
 Problems......Page 349
 10.1 Introduction......Page 352
 10.3 Behavior of Columns under Pure Axial Load......Page 353
 10.4 Safety Provisions for Columns......Page 356
 10.6 Strength Interaction Diagram......Page 357
 10.7 Slenderness Effects......Page 359
 10.8 Lateral Ties......Page 360
 10.9 Spiral Reinforcement and Longitudinal Bar Placement......Page 361
 10.10 Limits on Percentage of Longitudinal Reinforcement......Page 363
 10.12 Balanced Strain Condition......Page 364
 10.13 Nominal Strength of a Compression-​Controlled Rectangular Section......Page 367
 10.14 Nominal Strength of a Rectangular Section with Eccentricity e Greater than That at the Balanced Strain Condition......Page 371
 10.15 Design for Strength—​Region I, Minimum Eccentricity......Page 373
 10.16 Design for Strength—​Region II, Compression-​Controlled Sections (emin < e < eb )......Page 376
 10.17 Design for Strength—​Region III, Transition Zone and Tension-​Controlled Sections (e > eb )......Page 382
 10.18 Circular Sections Under Combined Compression and Bending......Page 385
 10.19 Combined Axial Tension and Bending......Page 388
 10.20 Combined Axial Force and Biaxial Bending......Page 390
 10.21 Design for Shear......Page 399
 Selected References......Page 401
 Problems......Page 405
 11.1 Introduction......Page 411
 11.2 Beam-​Column Joints Actions......Page 412
 11.3 Joint Transverse Reinforcement......Page 414
 11.4 Joint Shear Strength......Page 418
 11.5 Column-​to-​Beam Moment Strength Ratio......Page 420
 11.6 Anchorage of Reinforcement in the Joint Region......Page 421
 11.8 Examples......Page 422
 Selected References......Page 430
 Problems......Page 432
 12.2 Fundamental Assumptions......Page 434
 12.4Equilibrium Conditions......Page 435
 12.5 Method of Transformed Section......Page 438
 12.6 Deflections—​General......Page 441
 12.7 Deflections for Linear Elastic Members......Page 442
 12.9 Effective Moment of Inertia......Page 445
 12.10 Instantaneous Deflections in Design......Page 448
 12.11 Creep Effect on Deflections under Sustained Load......Page 459
 12.12 Shrinkage Effect on Deflections under Sustained Load......Page 462
 12.13 Creep and Shrinkage Deflection—​ACI Code Method......Page 466
 12.14 Creep and Shrinkage Deflection—​Alternative Procedures......Page 467
 12.15 ACI Minimum Depth of Flexural Members......Page 470
 12.16 Span-​to-​Depth Ratio to Account for Cracking and Sustained Load Effects......Page 472
 12.17 ACI Code Deflection Provisions—​Beam Examples......Page 477
 12.18 Crack Control for Beams and One-​Way Slabs......Page 482
 12.19 Side Face Crack Control for Large Beams......Page 486
 12.20 Control of Floor Vibrations—​General......Page 487
 Selected References......Page 488
 Problems......Page 490
 13.1 General......Page 494
 13.2 Buckling of Concentrically Loaded Columns......Page 496
 13.3 Effective Length Factor......Page 499
 13.4 Moment Magnification—​Members with Transverse Loads—​Without Joint Lateral Translation (i.e., No Sidesway)......Page 501
 13.5 Moment Magnification—​Members Subject to End Moments Only—​Without Joint Lateral Translation (i.e., No Sidesway)......Page 503
 13.6 Moment Magnification—Members with Sidesway—Unbraced (Sway) Frames......Page 508
 13.7 Interaction Diagrams—​Effect of Slenderness......Page 510
 13.8 ACI Code—​General......Page 511
 13.9 ACI Code—​Moment Magnifier Method for Columns in Nonsway Frames......Page 513
 13.10 ACI Code—​Moment Magnifier Method for Columns in Sway Frames......Page 516
 13.11 Alignment Charts for Effective Length Factor k......Page 521
 13.13 Minimum Eccentricity in Design......Page 524
 13.15 ACI Code—​Slenderness Ratio Limitations......Page 525
 13.17 Examples......Page 526
 Selected References......Page 554
 Problems......Page 557
 14.1 Introduction......Page 559
 14.2 Deep Beams......Page 573
 14.3 Brackets and Corbels......Page 590
 14.4 Additional Remarks......Page 596
 Selected References......Page 597
 Problems......Page 598
 15.2 Minimum Wall Dimensions and Reinforcement Requirements—​ACI Code......Page 600
 15.4 Design of Bearing Walls......Page 604
 15.5 Design of Shear Walls......Page 607
 15.6 Lateral Support of Longitudinal Reinforcement......Page 627
 15.7 Retaining Structures......Page 628
 Selected References......Page 650
 Problems......Page 651
 16.1 General Description......Page 653
 16.2 General Design Concept of the ACI Code......Page 655
 16.3 Total Factored Static Moment......Page 656
 16.4 Ratio of Flexural Stiffnesses of Longitudinal Beam to Slab......Page 664
 16.5 Minimum Slab Thickness for Deflection Control......Page 668
 16.6 Nominal Requirements for Slab Thickness and Size of Edge Beams, Column Capital, and Drop Panel......Page 670
 16.7 Direct Design Method—​Limitations......Page 675
 16.8 Direct Design Method—​ Longitudinal Distribution of Moments......Page 676
 16.10 Direct Design Method—​Procedure for Computation of Longitudinal Moments......Page 678
 16.11 Torsion Stiffness of the Transverse Elements......Page 682
 16.12 Transverse Distribution of Longitudinal Moment......Page 687
 16.13 Design of Slab Thickness and Reinforcement......Page 693
 16.14 Size Requirement for Beam (If Used) in Flexure and Shear......Page 700
 16.15 Shear Strength in Two-​Way Floor Systems......Page 702
 16.16 Shear Reinforcement in Flat Plate Floors......Page 707
 16.17 Direct Design Method—​Moments in Columns......Page 717
 16.18 Transfer of Moment and Shear at Junction of Slab and Column......Page 718
 16.19 Openings and Corner Connections in Flat Slabs......Page 728
 16.20 Equivalent Frame Method for Gravity Load Analysis......Page 729
 16.21 Equivalent Frame Models......Page 741
 Selected References......Page 742
 Problems......Page 749
 17.2 General Concept......Page 751
 17.3 Fundamental Assumptions......Page 754
 17.4 Methods of Analysis......Page 755
 17.5 Yield Line Analysis of One-​Way Slabs......Page 756
 17.6 Work Done by Yield Line Moments in Rigid Body Rotation of Slab Segment......Page 759
 17.7 Nodal Forces at Intersection of Yield Line with Free Edge......Page 760
 17.8 Nodal Forces at Intersection of Three Yield Lines......Page 763
 17.9 Yield Line Analysis of Rectangular Two-​Way Slabs......Page 767
 17.10 Corner Effects in Rectangular Slabs......Page 773
 17.11 Application of Yield Line Analysis to Special Cases......Page 774
 Problems......Page 778
 18.1 General......Page 779
 18.2 Torsional Stress in Homogeneous Sections......Page 780
 18.3 Torsional Stiffness of Homogeneous Sections......Page 782
 18.4 Effects of Torsional Stiffness on Compatibility Torsion......Page 783
 18.5 Torsional Moment Strength Tcr at Cracking......Page 786
 18.6 Strength of Rectangular Sections in Torsion—​Skew Bending Theory......Page 788
 18.7 Strength of Rectangular Sections in Torsion—​Space Truss Analogy......Page 792
 18.8 Strength of Sections in Combined Bending and Torsion......Page 796
 18.9 Strength of Sections in Combined Shear and Torsion......Page 798
 18.10 Strength Interaction Surface for Combined Bending, Shear, and Torsion......Page 799
 18.11 Torsional Strength of Concrete and Closed Transverse Reinforcement—​ACI Code......Page 801
 18.12 Combined Torsion with Shear or Bending—​ACI Code......Page 803
 18.13 Minimum Requirements for Torsional Reinforcement—​ACI Code......Page 804
 18.14 Examples......Page 806
 Selected References......Page 822
 Problems......Page 827
 19.2 Bearing Capacity of Soil......Page 830
 19.4 Types of Failure......Page 831
 19.5 Shear Strength......Page 833
 19.6 Flexural Strength and Development of Reinforcement......Page 834
 19.8 Investigation of Square Spread Footings......Page 835
 19.9 Design of Square Spread Footings......Page 840
 19.10 Design of Rectangular Footings......Page 845
 19.11 Design of Plain and Reinforced Concrete Wall Footings......Page 849
 19.12 Combined Footings......Page 853
 19.13 Design of Combined Footings......Page 854
 Selected References......Page 872
 Problems......Page 873
 20.2 Historical Background......Page 875
 20.3 Advantages and Disadvantages of Prestressed Concrete Construction......Page 876
 20.4 Pretensioned and Post-​tensioned Beam Behavior......Page 877
 20.5 Service Load Stresses on Flexural Members—​Tendons Having Varying Amounts of Eccentricity......Page 880
 20.6 Three Basic Concepts of Prestressed Concrete......Page 884
 20.7 Loss of Prestress......Page 887
 20.8 Nominal Strength Mn of Flexural Members......Page 897
 20.9 Cracking Moment......Page 902
 20.10 Shear Strength of Members without Shear Reinforcement......Page 904
 20.11 Shear Reinforcement for Prestressed Concrete Beams......Page 912
 20.12 Development of Reinforcement......Page 914
 20.13 Proportioning of Cross Sections for Flexure When No Tension is Permitted......Page 916
 Selected References......Page 925
 Problems......Page 926
 21.2 Composite Action......Page 928
 21.3 Concrete Composite Flexural Members......Page 932
 21.4 Concrete-​Steel Composite Columns......Page 947
 21.5 Concrete-​Encased Steel Composite Columns......Page 949
 21.6 Concrete-​Filled Tube Columns......Page 965
 21.7 Moment Connections with Composite Columns......Page 974
 Selected References......Page 975
 Problems......Page 978
Index......Page 980