Regional Perspectives of Nature-based Solutions for Water: Benefits and Challenges

Preface
Contents
Editors and Contributors
List of Abbreviations
Chapter 1: Nature-Based Solutions for Urban Water Management: Challenges and Opportunities in the Context of Asia
	References
Chapter 2: Types of Nature-Based Solutions for Water, Their Functions and Suitability
	2.1 Introduction
	2.2 Identification of Water Urban Challenges (Water UC) and Existing NbS to Address Them
	2.3 Overview of Water NbS
		2.3.1 Impact Scenarios of Water NbS in Relation to Ecosystem Services Provided
		2.3.2 Establishment of NbS Categories
		2.3.3 Prioritisation of NbS Typologies for Water Urban Challenges
	2.4 Water NbS Case Studies
		2.4.1 Floating Gardens Case Study
		2.4.2 Urban Catchment Forestry Case Study
	2.5 Conclusions
	References
Chapter 3: Constructed Floating Wetlands for the Treatment of Surface Waters and Industrial Wastewaters
	3.1 Introduction
	3.2 Overview of Constructed Floating Wetlands
		3.2.1 Design Attributes
		3.2.2 Structural Design and Buoyancy
		3.2.3 Plant Selection
		3.2.4 Plant Anchoring and Harvesting
	3.3 Treatment Overview
		3.3.1 Nutrient Removal
		3.3.2 Heavy Metals Removal
		3.3.3 Removal of Organic Compounds
		3.3.4 Effect of Hydrodynamics on Pollutant Removal
		3.3.5 Improving the Design of CFW Installations
	3.4 Other Benefits
	3.5 Validation and Operational Monitoring
		3.5.1 Treatment Validation and Use of Surrogate Parameters
		3.5.2 Recommendations for Future Research
	3.6 Conclusion
	References
Chapter 4: Nature Based Solutions for Water Management in England: Contribution to Biodiversity Net Gain in Urban Areas
	4.1 Introduction
		4.1.1 Nature Based Water Management Solutions
		4.1.2 Biodiversity Net Gain
		4.1.3 Biodiversity
	4.2 Methods
	4.3 Habitat Suitability and Rarity Scores
	4.4 Discussion
		4.4.1 Amphibians
		4.4.2 Solitary Bees and Bumblebees (Hymenoptera)
		4.4.3 Bats (Chiroptera)
		4.4.4 Habitat Distinctness
		4.4.5 Prioritisation of NBWMS for Biodiversity Enhancement and Water Management
		4.4.6 Ecological Connectivity
	4.5 Conclusions
	References
Chapter 5: Applications of Nature-Based Solutions in Urban Water Management in Singapore, Thailand and Vietnam: A Review
	5.1 Introduction
	5.2 Case Studies
		5.2.1 Case Study 1: Nature-Based Solutions for Urban Water Management in Singapore
			5.2.1.1 Background
			5.2.1.2 ABC Water Concept and Its Benefits
			5.2.1.3 Some Applications of ABC Water Concept
			5.2.1.4 Barriers, Bridges and Ways Forward
		5.2.2 Case Study 2: Nature-Based Solutions for Urban Water Management in Thailand
			5.2.2.1 Background
			5.2.2.2 Nature-Based Solutions Projects in Kingdom of Thailand
			5.2.2.3 Some Notable Applications of NbS in Thailand
			5.2.2.4 Selection of NbS Types and Their Suitable Sites
			5.2.2.5 Evaluating the Effectiveness of NbS
			5.2.2.6 Outcome of the Study
			5.2.2.7 Assessment of Nature-Based Solutions Benefits Using a Framework
			5.2.2.8 Barriers, Bridges and Ways Forward
		5.2.3 Case Study 3: Nature-Based Solutions for Urban Water Management in Vietnam
			5.2.3.1 Background
		5.2.4 Nature-Based Solution Projects in Hue and Ho Chi Minh City
			5.2.4.1 Nature-Based Solutions in Hue City
			5.2.4.2 Nature-Based Solutions in Ho Chi Minh City
			5.2.4.3 Ways Forward
	5.3 Conclusion
	References
Chapter 6: Wastewater Pollution in Urban Canals of Vietnam: Restoration Using Nature-Based Solutions
	6.1 Introduction
	6.2 General Impact of Climatic and Non-climatic Challenges in Urban Areas
		6.2.1 Geographical Location, Population Growth, and Infrastructure Characteristics
		6.2.2 Effects of Urbanization and Population Growth on the Urban Environment
		6.2.3 Current Status of Wastewater Treatment in Vietnam
		6.2.4 Effects of Untreated Wastewater on Inner-City Canals
	6.3 Assessing the Effectiveness of Natural-Based Wastewater Treatment Systems
		6.3.1 Effectiveness of Maturation Ponds
			6.3.1.1 A Review of Maturation Ponds
			6.3.1.2 Urban WWTPs Using Biological Ponds in Vietnam
			6.3.1.3 Centralized Wastewater Treatment System in Ho Chi Minh City
			6.3.1.4 A Case Study of Binh Hung Hoa WWTP
			6.3.1.5 Removal of Organic Matter and Nutrients
			6.3.1.6 Pros and Cons of Maturation Pond in a WWTP
			6.3.1.7 Lessons Learned from the Case Study
		6.3.2 Evaluation of Existing Floating Treatment Wetlands (FTWs) for Canal Wastewater Treatment in Vietnam
			6.3.2.1 Overview of Floating Treatment Wetlands
				Definition of Floating Treatment Wetlands
				Effectiveness and Advantages of Floating Treatment Wetlands in Water Treatment
				Design Parameters and Configurations
			6.3.2.2 Factors Affecting the Floating Treatment Wetlands Treatment
				Water Depth
				Vegetation
				Season
				Aeration
				Harvesting of Plants
			6.3.2.3 Technical Aspects
				Existing Demonstration and Pilot/Lab-Scale FTWs in Vietnam
				Technical Design Characteristics
			6.3.2.4 Effectiveness and Impacts of the Treatment Effectiveness
			6.3.2.5 Pros and Cons
				Success in Adapting FTWs for Urban Wastewater Treatment in Vietnam
				Challenges in Adapting FTWs for Urban Wastewater Treatment in Vietnam
			6.3.2.6 Key Lessons Learned
	6.4 Conclusions
	References
Chapter 7: Nature-Based Solutions for Domestic Wastewater Treatment in the Philippines
	7.1 Introduction
	7.2 Water Resources and Wastewater Management in the Philippines
		7.2.1 Wastewater Management
		7.2.2 Policies and National Government Agencies
		7.2.3 Plans, Challenges, and Gaps
	7.3 Nature-based Solutions (NbS) in the Philippine Context
		7.3.1 Overview
		7.3.2 NbS for Wastewater Treatment
		7.3.3 NbS Case Studies for Wastewater Treatment
			7.3.3.1 Decentralised Wastewater Treatment Systems (DEWATS)
			7.3.3.2 Floating Constructed Wetlands
			7.3.3.3 Constructed Wetlands
	7.4 Evaluation of NbS Performance
	7.5 Adaptation of NbS in the Philippine Context
	7.6 Conclusion
	References
Chapter 8: Application of Floating Wetlands as a Nature-Based Solution for Water Reclamation of Urban Lakes in Sri Lanka and D...
	8.1 Introduction
	8.2 Sewage Treatment
	8.3 Floating Wetlands in Urban Lakes
		8.3.1 Floating Wetlands at Kandy Lake
		8.3.2 Floating Wetlands at Kurunegala Lake
	8.4 Integrated Assessment Framework to Evaluate the Effectiveness and Impacts of Floating Wetlands Situated in Kandy and Kurun...
		8.4.1 Technical
		8.4.2 Social Aspects
		8.4.3 Economics
		8.4.4 Policy and Governance
	8.5 Conclusion
	References
Chapter 9: Role of Information and Communication Technology (ICT) in Following Global Standard for NbS: The Bangladesh Perspec...
	9.1 Background
	9.2 Information and Communications Technology and Nature-based Solutions
	9.3 ICT and Nature-based Solutions in the Bangladesh Context
		9.3.1 NbS in the Water Management Sector of Bangladesh and Role of ICT
		9.3.2 NbS in the Other Sectors of Bangladesh and the Role of ICT
	9.4 Implications and Way Forward
		9.4.1 ICT for Promoting Global NbS Standard in Bangladesh
		9.4.2 ICT for NbS in the Water Sector of Bangladesh
	9.5 Conclusions
	References