REGIONAL INTEGRATION IN THE UNION FOR THE MEDITERRANEAN : progress report.

Preface by the Union for the Mediterranean
Preface by the OECD
Foreword
Reader’s Guide
	The monitoring approach
	Main sources and databases
	Regional groupings
	Country codes
	Abbreviations and acronyms
Executive summary
	The state of integration in the UfM: positive developments but progress is slow
	No time to waste: priorities to speed up the process of integration in the UfM
1 Trade
	Introduction
	Monitoring trade integration
		Indicator T1. Trade Agreements covering goods and services
		Indicator T2. Trade Facilitation Indicators (TFIs)
		Indicator T3. Intra-regional trade in goods
			What types of goods are exchanged?
		Indicator T4. Trade in Value Added (TiVA)
			Trade in services and economic integration
	The cost of non-integration: Assessing the trade potential of the UfM region
		Intra-UfM relative export performance has picked up strongly in recent years
			The Western Balkans, North Africa and Turkey have been integrating more closely with the rest of the UfM but trends in the Levant and Israel have moved in opposite directions
			High integration in intra-UfM exports across all categories of merchandise trade
			The Western Balkans, Turkey and North Africa have seen their intra-UfM exports of manufacturing products increase the most
			For UfM members (excluding the former EU28), signs of upgrading have appeared through integration into higher-value manufacturing
			Jordan and Lebanon have lost ground across many manufacturing products, while Algeria and Albania have struggled to diversify their exports
	Conclusions and policy considerations
	References
		Annex 1.A. Additional figures and tables
		Annex 1.B. Gravity model of trade: Empirical strategy
		Relative export performance and standardised relative export performance
			Annex 1.C. Commodity groupings
	Notes
2 Finance
	Introduction
		The challenges of financial integration
	Monitoring financial integration
		Indicator F1. Financial market development
		Indicator F2. FDI Regulatory Restrictiveness Index
		Indicator F3. FDI positions and flows
		Indicator F4. Restrictions on portfolio and bank capital inflows
		Indicator F5. Portfolio investment flows
		Indicator F6. Remittance flows and costs
	Conclusions and policy considerations
	References
	Notes
3 Infrastructure
	Introduction
		Relevance of infrastructure for regional integration
		Current infrastructure gaps
	Monitoring infrastructure integration
		Indicator I1. Cross-border projects in transport and energy
			Transport
			Energy
		Indicator I2. Logistics Performance
		Indicator I3. Liner Shipping Connectivity
		Indicator I4. Median time spent in port (days)
		Indicator I5. Getting electricity
		Indicator I6. Electricity trade flows
		Indicator I7. Regulatory restrictiveness on foreign investments in energy and transport
	Conclusions and policy considerations
	References
		Annex 3.A. International tools and instruments for sustainable infrastructure
	Notes
4 Movement of people
	Introduction
		Movement of people as a driver of economic and social development
			A highly heterogeneous region with different propensities to migrate
	Monitoring progress in mobility of persons
		Indicator M1. Number of migrants and migrant-to-population ratios
		Migration from and to European Union countries
			South-South migrations in the Southern Mediterranean
			South-South migrations in the Western Balkans
			Immigrants’ contribution to and integration into the labour market in host countries
		Indicator M2: Visa requirements
			Visa requirements between EU and non-EU countries
			Visa requirements within the Southern Mediterranean sub-region
			Visa requirements and trade in services
		Indicator M3: Contribution of tourism to GDP and employment
		Indicator M4: Bilateral and regional agreements between UfM countries
			Mobility Partnerships between EU and third countries
			Regional and bilateral agreements between Southern Mediterranean countries
	Enhancing mutually beneficial cross-border mobility
		Programmes and initiatives to foster migrations
		Making circular migration schemes work for all parties
		Supporting re-integration of return migrants
			Re-integration of returnees in the Western Balkans
			Re-integration of returnees in North Africa
		Enhancing youth employability in the UfM region
	Conclusions and policy considerations
	References
		Annex 4.A. Intra-UfM migration statistics
	Notes
5 Research and Higher Education
	Introduction
		Promoting regional integration through stronger linkages between business, research and higher education: the Knowledge Triangle
			Internationalisation of knowledge and technology: A multifaceted phenomenon moving at different speeds
	Monitoring regional co-operation and integration in research and higher education
		Indicator R1. Government expenditure on tertiary education as a share of GDP
		Indicator R2. Gross expenditure on R&D as share of GDP
		Indicator R3. Gross expenditures on R&D from abroad
		Indicator R4: R&D personnel
		Indicator R5: Co-publication
		Indicator R6. Co-patenting
		Indicator R7. Tertiary-level mobility
			Careers of Doctorate Holders
		Indicator R8. Researcher mobility programmes
	Conclusions and policy considerations
	References
	Notes