Regional Economic Communities and Integration in Southern Africa: Networks of Civil Society Organizations and Alternative Regionalism

Foreword
Acknowledgements
Contents
Abbreviations
List of Figures
List of Tables
1: Regional Integration, Networks of Civil Society Organisations and Alternative Regionalism in Southern Africa: An Introduction
	Introduction
	Conventional Regionalism and Regional Economic Integration: Adoption in Southern Africa
	Inclusive Regionalism: The Critical Place of Civil Society in Southern African Integration
	New Institutionalism and the New Regionalism Approach: Viable Applications for Successful Integration in Southern Africa
	Civil Society Organisations: A Contextualisation and Conceptualisation for the SADC Region
	Networks of Civil Society Organisations and Alternative Regionalism in Southern Africa
	Methodological Considerations
	Structure of the Book
	References
2: A Historical Background to Regional Integration in Africa and Southern Africa
	Introduction
	The Organisation of African Unity and Framework for Regional Integration in Africa
		The Treaty Establishing the African Economic Community
	The Southern African Development Community
	Conclusion
	References
3: Regional Integration in Africa and Southern Africa: An Appraisal of Conventional Approaches
	Introduction
	Early, Old and New/Alternative Regionalism: An Overview
	Integration at Continental Level in Africa
	Integration at Regional Level in Southern Africa
	Integration outside Formalised Structures at Regional Level in Southern Africa
	Conclusion
	References
4: New Institutionalism and New Regionalism Approaches to Understanding Regionalism in Southern Africa
	Introduction
	New Institutionalists and the Interpretation of Institutions
	Typology of Institutions and Social Interaction
		Typology of Institutions
		Institutional Interactions and Settings
	Revisiting New Institutionalism to Examine Regionalism in Southern Africa
	New Institutionalism
		Rational Choice Institutionalism
		Sociological Institutionalism
		Historical Institutionalism
		Discursive Institutionalism
	Justification for Using a Hybrid Form of New Institutionalism to Examine Regionalism in Southern Africa
	The New Regionalism Approach and Pragmatic Regional Integration from Below
	Civil Society Networks and Arenas of Participation in Regionalism
	Functional Types and Categories of Civil Society Networks in Regionalism
		Watchdog Civil Society as Transformist Counterforce
		Service Delivery Civil Society as Partner and Legitimator
		Mobiliser Civil Society as Partner, Manipulator and Counterforce
		Knowledge-Production Civil Society as Reformist
		Issue-Framing and Agenda-Setting Civil Society as Transformist and Counterforce
	Conclusion
	References
5: The Formal-Alternative Regionalism Formal Interface: Interactions and Engagements of Southern African Civil Society Networks in SADC Regulatory Regimes
	Introduction
	Regional Civil Society Networks in the SADC Region
	An Overview of Formal Interactions and Engagements between SADC and Southern African Civil Society Networks
	Description of the SADC Legal and Regulatory Framework of Interaction for Regional Civil Society Networks
	SADC Secretariat
	The SADC Heads of State and Government Summit
	The SADC Council of Ministers and the Troika
	SADC National Committees and National Contact Points
	The SADC Parliamentary Forum
	SADC-Instituted Spaces for Regional Civil Society Network Interactions: The SADC Council of Non-Governmental Organisations (SADC-CNGO)
	Accessibility of the SADC to Regional Civil Society Networks
		SADC as a Shrinking Space for Civic Interaction
		Influence of National Political Regime Type on Interaction at Regional Level
		Sectors Tolerated by SADC for Civic Engagement in Southern Africa
		Rivalry between Member States and Regional Civil Society Networks in the SADC Region
		Institutional Legitimacy of the SADC
	Conclusion
	References
6: Alternative and People Centred Approaches to Regional Integration
	Introduction
	On the Emergence of Alternative Regionalisms in the SADC Region
	Interactions of Regional Civil Society Networks within Self-Organised Regionalisms: The Southern African People’s Solidarity Network (SAPSN)
	On Interaction Processes of Regional Civil Society Networks in Alternative Regionalism in Southern Africa
		The Civil Society Forum
			Organising the Civil Society Forum
			Preparation and Logistics for Hosting the Civil Society Forum
			Steps towards the Holding of the Civil Society Forum
			Programme of the Civil Society Forum
		The SADC People’s Summit
			Structure and Thematic Groups of the SADC People’s Summit
			Organising the SADC People’s Summit
			Steps towards the Holding of the SADC People’s Summit
			SADC People’s Summit Programme
	Strategies, Norms and Rules Developed by Southern African Civil Society Networks for Interacting in Formal Regionalism
	Strategies
		Collaboration with SADC Elites through Cooperative Engagement
		Quiet Diplomacy through Behind-the-Scenes Informal Bargaining
		Submission of Collective Declaration for the SADC Heads of State Summits
	Norms
		Conforming to the Existing SADC Status Quo through Respect of Precedence
		Simultaneous Application of Formal and Alternative Norms
		Influential but Unenforceable Civil Society Norms
	Rules
		Submitting to the SADC Legal Framework of Engagement
		Prohibition of Radical and Aggressive Attitudes in Formal Sessions
	Strategies, Norms and Rules Developed by Southern African Civil Society Networks for Interacting in Self-Organised Regionalisms
	Strategies
		Confronting SADC Elites with Transnational Citizenship and Submission of Collective Communiqué
		Building Solidarity and Coalition by Sharing Lived Experiences and Aspirations among Regional Citizenry
		Use of Capacity-Building and Media Platforms to Enhance Popular Critical Consciousness
	Norms
		Internalising Norms in Contestation with Existing SADC Status Quo
		Participation in Self-Regulated Cluster Meetings during the People’s Summit
		Call for Full Operationalisation of Article 23 of the SADC Treaty
	Rules
		Identification of Participants to the People’s Summit through National Contact Points
		Collective Commitment to Uncodified Rules and Culture of Belonging
	Conclusion
	References
7: Typology of Institutional Arrangements of Southern African Civil Society Networks
	Introduction
	Strategies, Norms and Rules Used by Southern African Civil Society Networks in Regionalism-Related Interactions
		Variations in Civil Society Network Strategies, Norms and Rules of Interaction
			Variations in Civil Society–Developed Strategies of Interaction
			Variations in Civil Society–Developed Norms of Interaction
			Variations in Civil Society–Developed Rules of Interaction
		Problematising Civil Society’s Institutional Arrangements Developed in Formal Spaces as an Impediment to Alternative Regionalisms
	Institutional Arrangements for Civil Society Interaction in Formal and Self-Organised Settings
	Contesting Versus Complementing the State-Centric Order
	Ownership Versus Compliance to Agenda
	Expansive Versus Constrictive Norms
	Grassroots Solidarity Versus Elitist Alliance
	Authentic Grassroots Approach Versus White-Collar Bureaucracy
	Civil Society Strategies, Norms and Rules within and outside SADC in a People-Centredness Perspective
	Participation
	Legitimacy
	Typologies of Institutions According to Institutional Settings of Interaction of Civil Society Groups
	Typology of Strategies, Norms and Rules Developed by Civil Society Networks within and outside SADC Institutional Settings
	Typology of Southern African Civil Society Interactions within Regionalisms
	Prospects for Alternative Regionalism and Regional Integration in the Southern African Region
	Conclusion
	References
8: Towards a People-Centred Approach to Regionalism in Africa and Southern Africa
	Introduction
	The Quest for Inclusive Regionalism in Southern Africa
	Interactions Involving Southern African Civil Society Networks within and outside SADC Regulatory Regimes
	Typology of Institutional Arrangements of Civil Society Networks in Southern Africa
	Regionalism and Regional Integration as Unconventional Socio-Political Phenomena
	Alternative Regionalism and the Limits of State-Centric and Market-Driven Explanations of Regionalisms
	References
Index