Regenerative Medicine in China

Foreword 1
Foreword 2
Preface
Contents
Editor and Contributors
	About the Editor
	Contributors
1: Introduction to the Repair and Regeneration of War Wound Tissue
	1.1	 A Brief History of the Development of War Wound Tissue Repair and Regenerative Medicine
		1.1.1	 A Brief Review of the Development of Traumatic Repair Medicine in the World War
		1.1.2	 A Brief History of the Development of Trauma Repair in Ancient China
		1.1.3	 The Promotion of Science and Technology Development in the Development of Trauma Repair and Tissue Regeneration
			1.1.3.1	 Disinfection, Anesthesia, Hemostasis, and Blood Transfusion Provide a Good Foundation for the Establishment of Modern Trauma Repair Surgery
				Infection
				Pain
				Bleeding
			1.1.3.2	 The Establishment and Development of Immunology Provide a Basis for Breakthroughs in Various Types of Transplantation
			1.1.3.3	 The Emergence of Microsurgery Provides a New Technical Means for Trauma Repair Surgery
			1.1.3.4	 The Application of Bioengineering and Various Materials Has Broadened the Field for Wound Repair
			1.1.3.5	 Information Network Builds a Platform for Improving the Level of Wound Repair
			1.1.3.6	 Digital Medicine Provides Guarantee for Accurate Wound Repair
			1.1.3.7	 New Technologies and Methods of Regenerative Medicine Represented by Growth Factors, Stem Cells, and Gene Therapy Technologies Show a Bright Future for Wound Repair and Tissue Regeneration
	1.2	 Posttraumatic Tissue Repair and Regenerative Medicine in Military Medicine
		1.2.1	 Overview
		1.2.2	 The Development of Tissue Repair and Regenerative Medicine After the Trauma of Our Military
		1.2.3	 The Future Development of Posttraumatic Tissue Repair and Regenerative Medicine
	1.3	 Wound Tissue Repair and Regeneration Concept
		1.3.1	 Repair and Repair “Out of Control”
			1.3.1.1	 Hypertrophic Scar
			1.3.1.2	 Keloid
			1.3.1.3	 Scar Ulcer or Unstable Scar
			1.3.1.4	 Scar Cancer
		1.3.2	 Compensation and Remodeling
			1.3.2.1	 Compensation
			1.3.2.2	 Remodeling
		1.3.3	 New Concepts Involved in Wound Repair
			1.3.3.1	 Growth Factor
			1.3.3.2	 Cytokine
			1.3.3.3	 Gene Therapy
			1.3.3.4	 Cell Therapy
			1.3.3.5	 Stem Cell
			1.3.3.6	 Tissue Engineering
			1.3.3.7	 Regenerative Medicine
			1.3.3.8	 Others
	1.4	 Classification of Wound Tissue Repair and Regeneration
		1.4.1	 The Classification of Wounds
			1.4.1.1	 Injury Part
			1.4.1.2	 Cause of Injuries
				Gunshot Wound
				Impact Injury
				Thermal Injury and Chemical Injury Wound
				Combined Wound
			1.4.1.3	 Injury Type
			1.4.1.4	 Injury Severity
			1.4.1.5	 Others
				Divided by Different Operational Environments
				Divided by the Anatomy System
				Others
		1.4.2	 Classification of Wound Healing and Regeneration
			1.4.2.1	 Classification of Wound Healing
				First-Stage Healing
			1.4.2.2	 Second-Stage Healing
				Healing Under Scab
			1.4.2.3	 Classification of Regeneration
				Physiological Regeneration
				Pathological Regeneration
	1.5	 Characteristics of Repair and Regeneration of War Wound Tissue
		1.5.1	 The Main Features of Tissue Repair After Trauma
			1.5.1.1	 Characteristics of Modern War Wounds
			1.5.1.2	 Characteristics of Modern War Wound Tissue Repair
				Debridement Is the Basis of Later Tissue Repair
				Delayed Closure of the First Phase After Debridement Is the Principle of Repairing Wound Tissue
				Accurate Amputation Level Is the Feature of War Wound Tissue Repair
		1.5.2	 The Characteristics of Posttraumatic Tissue Repair Research in the Modern Warfare of Foreign Military
			1.5.2.1	 Limb Trauma and Regenerative Medicine
			1.5.2.2	 Pain Management
			1.5.2.3	 Clinical Trials and Transformation Studies
		1.5.3	 The Characteristics of Wound Ballistics in Modern Warfare and the Principle of Postinjury Tissue Repair
			1.5.3.1	 The Characteristics of Modern War Wounds in Wound Ballistics
			1.5.3.2	 Tissue Repair of Ballistic Wounds
	1.6	 The Basic Process of Repair and Regeneration of War Wound Tissue
		1.6.1	 The Basic Pathophysiological Process of Wound Healing
			1.6.1.1	 Bleeding and Coagulation Process
			1.6.1.2	 Inflammatory Response Period
				Immune Response
				Vascular Permeability
			1.6.1.3	 Granulation Tissue Proliferative Phase
			1.6.1.4	 Scar Formation Period
		1.6.2	 The Characteristics and Repair of Gunshot Wounds
			1.6.2.1	 Characteristics of Gunshot Wound
			1.6.2.2	 Repair Principle of Gunshot Wound
		1.6.3	 Soft Tissue Blast Injury
			1.6.3.1	 Classification of Modern Soft Tissue Blast Injuries
			1.6.3.2	 Clinical Features of Blast Injury
				Multiple Sites, Multiple Organs, Multiple Tissue Damage
				Severe Soft Tissue Defect
				Complex Infection, Difficult to Handle
				High Limb Damage Rate, Heavy Functional Impact, Difficult to Repair
				E. Delayed Delivery, Delay the Best Treatment Opportunity
			1.6.3.3	 Repair of Explosive Injuries
	1.7	 Progress and Prospects of Research on Repair and Regeneration of War Wound Tissue
		1.7.1	 Posttraumatic Tissue Repair Research from Local Tissue Repair to Overall (Whole Body) Repair
		1.7.2	 Posttraumatic Tissue Repair Research from Passive Repair to Active Repair
		1.7.3	 Posttraumatic Tissue Repair Research from Anatomical Repair to Functional Restoration
		1.7.4	 Posttraumatic Tissue Repair Research from the Emphasis on Basic Research to Clinical Transformation and Precision Treatment
	References
2: Cellular Basis for Tissue Regeneration: Cellular Dedifferentiation
	2.1	 The Prevalence of Cellular Dedifferentiation and the Significance of Tissue Repair and Regeneration
		2.1.1	 Tissue Regeneration: From Lower Animals to Mammals and Cellular Dedifferentiation
		2.1.2	 The Definition of Cell Dedifferentiation
		2.1.3	 Epidermal Cell Dedifferentiation and Skin Regeneration
		2.1.4	 Renal Cell Dedifferentiation and Kidney Regeneration
		2.1.5	 Cardiomyocyte Dedifferentiation and Heart Regeneration
		2.1.6	 Visual Cell Dedifferentiation and Retinal Regeneration
		2.1.7	 Dedifferentiation of Bone Cells and Muscle Cells and Musculoskeletal Regeneration
		2.1.8	 Schwann Cell Dedifferentiation and Peripheral Nerve Regeneration
		2.1.9	 Dedifferentiation or Reprogramming of Somatic Cells into Pluripotent Stem Cells
		2.1.10	 Perspectives
	2.2	 Dedifferentiation of Epidermal Cells and Sweat Gland Regeneration
		2.2.1	 A Huge Controversy Brought by an Accidental Discovery
		2.2.2	 Giving a Correct Explanation to the Academic World through Hardship
		2.2.3	 The Original Discovery of Cellular Dedifferentiation Is Used to Guide the Clinical Research on Sweat Gland Regeneration
		2.2.4	 The Perception and Experience Gained from the Experiment in the Past Ten Years
	2.3	 Cellular Dedifferentiation and Synchronized Repair and Regeneration of Complex Tissues In Situ
		2.3.1	 Difficulties and Breakthroughs in Repair and Regeneration of Complex Tissues: Cellular Dedifferentiation
		2.3.2	 The Study Model of In Situ Synchronized Regeneration of Complex Tissues
			2.3.2.1	 The Fin Regeneration of Zebrafish
			2.3.2.2	 Salamanders Limb Regeneration
			2.3.2.3	 Mouse Toe Tip Regeneration
			2.3.2.4	 Zebrafish and Neonatal Mouse Heart Regeneration
		2.3.3	 The Cellular Basis of Limb Regeneration: Blastema and Cellular Dedifferentiation
			2.3.3.1	 Cellular Dedifferentiation: The Basis of Blastema
				Salamander Limb Blastema Formation
				Zebrafish Fin Blastema
				Mouse Toe Blastema
			2.3.3.2	 Molecular Mechanisms of Cellular Dedifferentiation, Proliferation, and Blastema Formation
		2.3.4	 Differences in Cellular Dedifferentiation Potential and Regeneration
		2.3.5	 Cellular Dedifferentiation Potential and Cell Cycle
		2.3.6	 Inducing Cellular Dedifferentiation to Promote In Situ Synchronized Regeneration of Complex Mammalian Tissues
	References
3: Molecular and Genetic Basis for Tissue Repair and Regeneration
	3.1	 Genes Involved in Tissue Repair and Regeneration
		3.1.1	 The Four Genes of iPS Cells
			3.1.1.1	 Introduction of iPS Cell Gene Function
				Oct4 Gene Function
				Sox2 Function
				Klf4 Function
				C-Myc Function
		3.1.2	 Development-Related Genes
			3.1.2.1	 Homeobox Gene
			3.1.2.2	 MicroRNA and Development
				MicroRNA Is Involved in Tissue Development
				MicroRNA and Heart Development
				MicroRNA and Nervous System Development
			3.1.2.3	 Development-Related Genes and Tissue Repair
				Wnt Gene
				Lin28a Gene
				Smed-Prep Gene
		3.1.3	 Tumor-Related Genes
			3.1.3.1	 Proto-Oncogene
				Extracellular Growth Factor
				Transmembrane Growth Factor Receptor
				Intracellular Signalosome
				Nuclear Transcription Factor
			3.1.3.2	 Tumor Suppressor Gene
				Retinoblastoma Gene (Rb Gene)
				P53 Gene
	3.2	 Protein Molecules Involved in Tissue Repair and Regeneration Regulation
		3.2.1	 Growth Factor Protein
			3.2.1.1	 FGF—Fibroblast Growth Factor
				Establish FGF-Efficient Secretion Expression System
				The First Structural Transformation of FGF Successfully Solved the Technical Problems of Large-Scale Production Process
				Created FGF Large-Scale Preparation Process and Quality Standards
				Developed the First Drug-Loaded Class III Implantable Medical Device that Combines FGF with Tissue Engineering Materials
			3.2.1.2	 PDGF—Platelet-Derived Growth Factor
			3.2.1.3	 NGF—Nerve Growth Factor
		3.2.2	 Important Proteins Involved in the Regulation of Tissue Regeneration Found in Lower Organisms
			3.2.2.1	 Pax6 Gene Regulatory Proteins and Lens Proteins Found in the Lens
			3.2.2.2	 Genes and Proteins Related to Nerve and Spinal Cord Regeneration
			3.2.2.3	 HP1-1-Related Proteins and Mcm5 Pathway Regulate the Related Proteins of the Planarian Regeneration
		3.2.3	 Tumor-Associated Tissue Regeneration Regulatory Proteins
			3.2.3.1	 Paxillin
			3.2.3.2	 Midkine
			3.2.3.3	 Mammalian Target of Rapamycin
	3.3	 Stem Cell Niche
		3.3.1	 Stem Cell Niches
		3.3.2	 Drosophila Reproductive Stem Cell Niches
			3.3.2.1	 Structure and Characteristics of Drosophila Reproductive Stem Cell Niches
				Structure of Drosophila Ovary Stem Cell Niches
				The Niche Structure of GSCs in Drosophila Testis
		3.3.3	 Stem Cell Niches in Mammalian Tissues
			3.3.3.1	 Testicular Germ Stem Cell Niches
				Testicular Germ Stem Cells and Their Niches
				The Role of Testis Germ Stem Cell Niches
				Related Cytokines in Testis Germ Stem Cell Niches
			3.3.3.2	 Bone Marrow Hematopoietic Stem Cell Niches
				Location and Concept of Bone Marrow Hematopoietic Stem Cells
				Bone Marrow Hematopoietic Stem Cell Niches and their Effects
				Related Regulatory Factors in the Bone Marrow Hematopoietic Stem Cell Niche
			3.3.3.3	 Skin Stem Cell Niches
				Location and Concept of Skin Stem Cells
				Skin Stem Cell Niches and their Effects
				Skin Stem Cell Niche-Related Signaling Regulators
			3.3.3.4	 Intestinal Stem Cell Niches
				Intestinal Stem Cells and Their Niches
				Intestinal Stem Cell Niche-Associated Regulatory Molecules
				Intestinal Stem Cell Niche-Related Signal Transduction Pathway
			3.3.3.5	 Neural Stem Cell Niches
				Neural Stem Cells and Their Niches
				Neural Stem Cell Niche-Related Regulatory Molecules
		3.3.4	 Summary
	3.4	 Signals Involved in Tissue Repair and Regeneration
		3.4.1	 Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase
			3.4.1.1	 Extracellular Signal-Regulated Kinase
			3.4.1.2	 C-Jun N-Terminal Kinase (JNK) Signaling Pathway
				JNK Signal Transduction Pathway Regulates Migration and Repair Process of Epithelial Cells and Fibroblasts
				JNK Signal Transduction Pathway Regulates Cell Migration Process in Inflammatory Environment
			3.4.1.3	 p38 Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase
		3.4.2	 Phosphatidylinositol-3-Kinase Signaling Pathway
			3.4.2.1	 Structural Characteristics and Activation Regulation of PI3K
			3.4.2.2	 The Relationship Between PI3K/Akt and Various Growth Factors Related to Wound Healing
		3.4.3	 Wnt Signaling Pathway and Tissue Repair
			3.4.3.1	 Inflammatory Cells
			3.4.3.2	 Fibroblasts
			3.4.3.3	 Angiogenesis
			3.4.3.4	 Epidermal Regeneration and Hair Follicle Regeneration
			3.4.3.5	 Stem Cells
			3.4.3.6	 The Role of Wnt/β-Catenin Signal Transduction Pathway in Pathological Scar Formation
		3.4.4	 TGF-β/Smads Signal Transduction Pathway
			3.4.4.1	 TGF-β Structure, Secretion, and Activation
			3.4.4.2	 The Role of TGF-β/Smads Signal Transduction in Wound Healing
		3.4.5	 Slit-Robo Signal Pathway
		3.4.6	 Sonic Hedgehog
			3.4.6.1	 The Hedgehog Signal Transduction Pathway and its Member
			3.4.6.2	 Hh Nonclassical Pathway
		3.4.7	 Other Signals
			3.4.7.1	 Extracellular Microenvironment and Biomechanics of Cells
				Extracellular Microenvironment
				Biomechanical Effects of Cells
					Cell Tension
					Hydrostatic Pressure
					Fluid Shear Force
			3.4.7.2	 Effects of Biomechanical Force and Mechanical Signal Transduction on the Self-Renewal and Differentiation of Stem Cells
				Basement Hardness Affects the Proliferation and Differentiation Fate of Stem Cells
				Changes in the Shape of the Basement Affect the Proliferation and Differentiation of Stem Cells
				Changes in Cell Morphology Affect Stem Cell Proliferation and Differentiation Fate
				Effect of Biomechanical Force on Gene Expression and Differentiation Fate of Stem Cells
				Effects of Mechanical Effects Produced by Rotational Culture on Stem Cell Proliferation and Differentiation
			3.4.7.3	 Possible Mechanisms of Biomechanical Stress Regulating Stem Cells
				Integrin Activity and Mechanical Regulation of Signals
				The Role of RhoA/Rho-Kinase (ROCK) Signaling Pathway
				The Function of Mechanical Signal Super Long-Distance Transduction
				The Role of Myosin II Regulating Stem Cells
				AGEs-RAGE Signaling Pathway
	References
4: Skin Development and Tissue Repair and Regeneration
	4.1	 Development of Skin Tissue
		4.1.1	 The Development of the Epidermis
		4.1.2	 The Development of Dermis and Subcutaneous Tissue
		4.1.3	 The Development of Skin Appendages
			4.1.3.1	 Hair
			4.1.3.2	 Sebaceous Gland
			4.1.3.3	 Nail
			4.1.3.4	 Sweat Gland
		4.1.4	 The Development of Skin Nerves
		4.1.5	 The Development of Skin Blood Vessels and Lymphatic Vessels
		4.1.6	 The Development of Skin Muscles
	4.2	 Understanding Skin Repair and Regeneration from Dermatological Development
		4.2.1	 The Development and Regeneration of the Epidermis
		4.2.2	 The Development and Regeneration of Hair Follicles
			4.2.2.1	 Regulation Mechanism of Hair Follicle Development
			4.2.2.2	 The Biological Characteristics of Hair Follicle Stem Cells
			4.2.2.3	 Developmental Regulation of Hair Follicles
		4.2.3	 The Development and Regeneration of Sweat Glands
		4.2.4	 The Development and Regeneration of Sebaceous Glands
			4.2.4.1	 Tissue Development of Sebaceous Glands
			4.2.4.2	 Several Regulatory Pathways for Sebaceous Gland Growth
		4.2.5	 Development and Regeneration of Skin Blood Vessels
	References
5: Tissue Repair and Regeneration Disorders: Repair and Regeneration of Chronic Refractory Wounds
	5.1	 Epidemiological Characteristics of Chronic Refractory Wounds in Chinese Human Body
		5.1.1	 The Pathogenetic Characteristics of Chronic Refractory Wounds on the Body Surface
		5.1.2	 The Pathogenic Microbiological Characteristics of Chronic Refractory Wounds on the Body Surface
		5.1.3	 Health Economics Characteristics of Chronic Refractory Wounds on the Surface
	5.2	 Study on the Mechanism of Local Skin Damage on Refractory Diabetic Wounds
		5.2.1	 The Characteristics of Diabetic Skin
		5.2.2	 The Characteristics of Wound Healing in Diabetes
		5.2.3	 The Relationship Between Metabolic Disorders and Healing Factors
		5.2.4	 The Exploration of Intervention Methods for Diabetes Complicated with Refractory Wounds
			5.2.4.1	 Overview of Mechanisms and Interventions for Diabetic Refractory Wounds at Home and Abroad
			5.2.4.2	 Establishment of Intervention Means
			5.2.4.3	 The Main Role of Arginine and Aminoguanidine in the Mechanism of Diabetes Complicated with Refractory Wounds
				The Effect of Arginine on the “Underlying Disorder” of Diabetic Skin Tissue
				The Prevention and Treatment of Aminoguanidine on Refractory Wounds
			5.2.4.4	 Prospects for the Intervention of Diabetes Complicated with Wound Healing
	5.3	 Establishment of Innovative Treatment Methods for Refractory Wounds
		5.3.1	 Surgery Plus Photon Therapy
		5.3.2	 Modified Cytokine Therapy
		5.3.3	 A New Comprehensive Treatment Technology System Based on Scaffold Materials and Cell Therapy
		5.3.4	 Utilizing the “4G” System to Improve the Cure Rate of Refractory Wounds
	5.4	 Theory and Practice of Wound Healing Center Construction
	5.5	 Chronic Ulcer
		5.5.1	 Introduction
			5.5.1.1	 The Classification of Ulcers
		5.5.2	 The Healing of Chronic Ulcers
			5.5.2.1	 Inflammation Stage
			5.5.2.2	 Proliferation Stage
			5.5.2.3	 Maturation and Reconstruction Stage
		5.5.3	 The Treatment of Chronic Ulcers
			5.5.3.1	 Etiology Treatment
			5.5.3.2	 Conservative Therapy
			5.5.3.3	 Debridement
			5.5.3.4	 Application of Various Flaps and Myocutaneous Flaps
				Wound Medication
				Vacuum Sealing Technology
				Hyperbaric Oxygen Therapy
				Bioengineered Skin Products
				Gene Therapy
				Stem Cell Therapy
				Platelet-Rich Plasma Therapy
				Antioxidant Treatment
		5.5.4	 Tuberculous Wounds
			5.5.4.1	 Overview
			5.5.4.2	 Epidemiological Characteristics of Tuberculous Wounds
			5.5.4.3	 The Concept of Tuberculous Wounds
			5.5.4.4	 Clinical Manifestations of Tuberculous Wounds
			5.5.4.5	 Diagnosis of Tuberculous Wounds
			5.5.4.6	 Treatment of Tuberculous Wounds
				Preoperative Evaluation
				Treatment Plan and Efficacy
			5.5.4.7	 Research Trends and Prospects of Tuberculous Wounds
		5.5.5	 The Conclusion
	5.6	 Treatment of Chronic Refractory Wound with Osteomyelitis
		5.6.1	 Overview
			5.6.1.1	 The Concept and Mechanism of Osteomyelitis
			5.6.1.2	 The Classification and Diagnosis of Osteomyelitis
				Classification
				Diagnosis
			5.6.1.3	 Overview of the Treatment of Osteomyelitis
				Classification for Different Patients
				Classification for Different Anatomies
			5.6.1.4	 The Main Differences and Difficulties Between the Refractory Wounds with Osteomyelitis and Common Conventional Refractory Wounds
		5.6.2	 The Osteomyelitis-Diagnose-Score (ODS) and Diagnosis and Treatment Process
			5.6.2.1	 The Osteomyelitis-Diagnose-Score
			5.6.2.2	 The Diagnosis and Treatment Process of Osteomyelitis
		5.6.3	 The “6R Technology” for the Treatment of Chronic Refractory Wounds with Osteomyelitis
			5.6.3.1	 Low-Temperature Plasma Radiofrequency Debridement
			5.6.3.2	 Reaming
			5.6.3.3	 Rinsing
				Flush
				Lavage
			5.6.3.4	 Monitoring Reliable Wounds
			5.6.3.5	 Revascularization
			5.6.3.6	 Structural Reconstruction and Tissue Regeneration
		5.6.4	 The Application of Antibiotics
			5.6.4.1	 Systemic Application of Antibiotics
			5.6.4.2	 Local Application of Antibiotics
	References
6: Tissue Repair and Over-regeneration: Prevention and Treatment of Scars During Tissue Repair and Regeneration
	6.1	 Genomics and Genetics of Scar Formation
		6.1.1	 Hypertrophic Scars
		6.1.2	 Keloids
	6.2	 Scar Formation Mechanism: Dermis “Template Defect” Theory
		6.2.1	 The Effect of Skin Dermis Defect and Its Defect Degree on Scar Formation
		6.2.2	 The Effect of Skin Dermis Defect Degree on Wound Healing Process
		6.2.3	 The Role of Three-Dimensional Structure and Composition of Dermal Tissue in Regulating Biological Behavior of FB
			6.2.3.1	 The “Permissive Effect” of the Dermal Tissue Structure on the Composition
			6.2.3.2	 Tissue Structure Is the “Template” that Guides the Trend of Cell Function
			6.2.3.3	 The Integrity and Continuity of the Tissue Structure Is the Key for Dermal Tissue to Play a “Template Role”
		6.2.4	 The Microscopic Discussion of “Template Defect Theory”
			6.2.4.1	 The Influence of the “Bridge Piers” Like Structure of the Dermal Template Unit on FB
			6.2.4.2	 Mathematical Derivation of the Spatial Relationship of the “Bridge Piers” Structure Array of the Dermal Template Unit in the Three-Dimensional Structure
			6.2.4.3	 Study on the Effect of Spatial Angle Arrangement of “Bridge Piers” Like Structure of Dermal Template Unit on Fibroblasts
	6.3	 Scar Prevention
		6.3.1	 The Prevention of Therapeutic Scars
		6.3.2	 The Prevention of Non-therapeutic Scars
	6.4	 Keloid Treatment
		6.4.1	 Surgical Resection
		6.4.2	 Physical Therapy
			6.4.2.1	 Compression Therapy
			6.4.2.2	 Cryotherapy
			6.4.2.3	 Laser Therapy
			6.4.2.4	 Radiation Therapy
			6.4.2.5	 Silicone Gel Sheeting
			6.4.2.6	 Adhesive Tape Therapy
		6.4.3	 Drug Treatment
			6.4.3.1	 Apoptosis-Related Drug Therapy
			6.4.3.2	 Cytokine-Related Therapy
			6.4.3.3	 Traditional Chinese Medicine Treatment
	References
7: Repair and Regeneration After Important Visceral Injury
	7.1	 Overview of Visceral Injury Repair and Regeneration
		7.1.1	 Recognition of Visceral Injury and Repair
		7.1.2	 The Repair and Regeneration of Visceral Injuries
			7.1.2.1	 Heart Damage and Repair
			7.1.2.2	 Pancreatic Injury and Repair
			7.1.2.3	 Liver Damage and Repair
			7.1.2.4	 Intestinal Damage and Repair
			7.1.2.5	 Lung Damage and Repair
			7.1.2.6	 Others
		7.1.3	 Growth Factors and Visceral Repair and Regeneration
		7.1.4	 The Outlook
	7.2	 Repair and Regeneration After Lung Injury
		7.2.1	 Lung Development and Molecular Regulation Mechanisms
			7.2.1.1	 Lung Development
			7.2.1.2	 The Regulation Mechanism of Lung Development
		7.2.2	 Lung Stem/Progenitor Cells
			7.2.2.1	 Common Lung Tissue Stem Cells
				Basal Cells
				Duct Cells
				Clara Cells
				Variant Clara Cells
				Bronchioloalveolar Stem Cells
				Type II Alveolar Epithelial Cells
				Smooth Muscle Progenitor Cells
				Hemangioblasts
				Other Types of Lung Stem/Progenitor Cells
			7.2.2.2	 The Role of Lung Tissue Stem Cells in Lung Disease
				Acute Lung Injury
				Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease
				Cystic Fibrosis
				Asthma
				Bronchiolitis Obliterans
			7.2.2.3	 Important Molecules that Regulate the Biological Characteristics of Lung Tissue Stem Cells
				CARM1
				HNF-3α (Foxa1)
				HNF-3β (Foxa2)
				TTF-1 (Nkx2.1)
				HFH-4 (FOXJ1)
				GATA6
				Bmi1
				C-Myc
			7.2.2.4	 Important Signaling Pathways that Regulate the Biological Characteristics of Lung Tissue Stem Cells
				Wnt/β-Catenin Pathway
				Rho GTPase Pathway
			7.2.2.5	 MAPK Pathway
			7.2.2.6	 PI3K/PTEN Pathway
			7.2.2.7	 TGF Pathway
		7.2.3	 Lung Tissue Repair and Regeneration
			7.2.3.1	 Extrapulmonary Stem/Progenitor Cells Participate in Repairing Lung Tissue Damage
				Bone Marrow Stem/Progenitor Cells Are Involved in Repairing Damaged Lung Tissue
				Repair Effect of Bone Marrow Stem/Progenitor Cell Transplantation on Lung Tissue Injury
			7.2.3.2	 Involvement of Intrapulmonary Stem/Progenitor Cells in the Repair of Lung Tissue Damage
				Alveolar Stem/Progenitor Cells Participate in the Regeneration of Damaged Lung Tissue
				Lung Mesenchymal Stem Cells Participate in Regeneration of Injured Lung Tissue
			7.2.3.3	 Effects of Drugs on the Repair and Regeneration of Damaged Lung Tissue
				Retinoic Acid
				Hepatocyte Growth Factor
				Granulocyte Colony-Stimulating Factor
				Keratinocyte Growth Factor
				Adrenomedullin
				Simvastatin
			7.2.3.4	 Factors Affecting the Repair of Damaged Lung Tissue by Stem/Progenitor Cells
				The Etiology of Acute Lung Injury
				Neuroendocrine-Immune Network Coordination
				Differences Between Endogenous and Exogenous Stem/Progenitor Cells
				Stem/Progenitor Cell Species, Age, and Transplantation Path
			7.2.3.5	 Bioartificial Lung Replacement Therapy to Repair Lung Function
			7.2.3.6	 Consideration of Stem/Progenitor Cells in Lung Tissue Repair
		7.2.4	 Summary
	7.3	 Liver Regeneration and Liver Stem Cells
		7.3.1	 Liver Regeneration
		7.3.2	 Liver Stem Cells
		7.3.3	 The Regulation of Liver Regeneration In Vivo
		7.3.4	 Strategies for Obtaining Hepatocytes In Vitro
		7.3.5	 Establishment of Tissue-Engineered Liver
		7.3.6	 Summary and Outlook
	7.4	 Repair and Regeneration of Digestive Tract Injury
		7.4.1	 Classification of Digestive Tract Injuries
			7.4.1.1	 Peptic Ulcer
			7.4.1.2	 Ischemia-Reperfusion
		7.4.2	 The Determination of Digestive Tract Injury
			7.4.2.1	 Evaluation Method of QOUH
				Endoscopic Evaluation
				Evaluation Method of Histological Maturity of Regenerated Mucosa
				Evaluation Method of Functional Maturity of Regenerated Mucosa
			7.4.2.2	 Factors Affecting QOUH
				Helicobacter pylori (Hp)
				Blood Circulation
				Growth Factor
				Arachidonic Acid (AA) Metabolites
				Oxygen-Free Radical
				Heat-Shock Proteins
				Aging
				Other
			7.4.2.3	 Antiulcer Drugs and QOUH
				Drugs that Reduce Mucosal Invasiveness
				Gastric Mucosal Protective Agent
				The Influence of Traditional Chinese Medicine on QOUH
				The Relationship Between QOUH with Ulcer Recurrence
		7.4.3	 The Role of Growth Factors in the Repair and Regeneration of the Digestive Tract Injury
			7.4.3.1	 Growth Factors and Intestinal Development
				Epidermal Growth Factor
				Acidic Fibroblast Growth Factor
				Basic Fibroblast Growth Factor
				Transforming Growth Factor-α
				Transforming Growth Factor-β
				Platelet-Derived Growth Factor
				Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor
				Hepatocyte Growth Factor
		7.4.4	 The Role of Traditional Chinese Medicine in Repair and Regeneration After Digestive Tract Injury
	7.5	 Repair and Regeneration of Cardiac Damage in the Early Stage of Burn Injury
		7.5.1	 Myocardial Damage Can Occur in the Early Stage of Severe Burns
			7.5.1.1	 Myocardial Specific Structural Protein Leakage
			7.5.1.2	 Impairment of Cardiomyocyte Cytoskeleton
			7.5.1.3	 Impairment of Cardiomyocyte Stress (Biomechanics)
			7.5.1.4	 Cardiomyocyte Apoptosis
			7.5.1.5	 Pathological Changes
			7.5.1.6	 Decreased Cardiac Function and Myocardial Mechanics
		7.5.2	 The Mechanism of Immediate Myocardial Damage in the Early Stage of Severe Burns
			7.5.2.1	 Mechanism of Immediate Reduction of Myocardial Blood Flow and Cardiac Function After Burns
			7.5.2.2	 Mitochondrial Damage Is the Core of Myocardial Damage in Early Stage of Burns
			7.5.2.3	 The Expression of Pro-Inflammatory Factors in Cardiomyocytes Is Upregulated
			7.5.2.4	 p38 Kinase Is an Important Signaling Pathway Mediating Myocardial Damage in the Early Stage of Burns [50]
			7.5.2.5	 Damage to the Myocardial Cytoskeleton
		7.5.3	 The “Shock Heart” Hypothesis of Ischemia and Hypoxia Damage in the Early Stage of Burn
		7.5.4	 Prevention and Treatment of Myocardial Damage in the Early Stage of Severe Burns
			7.5.4.1	 Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitor
			7.5.4.2	 Regulation of β-AR-Mediated Signal Transduction and “Molecular Switch Gsα/Giα” Ratio
			7.5.4.3	 Early and Timely Fluid Replacement
			7.5.4.4	 Drugs to Support Cardiac Function and Improve Myocardial Nutrition
			7.5.4.5	 Antagonize or Reduce Inflammatory Mediators
			7.5.4.6	 Mitochondrial Damage Reduction or Regulation of Ion Channels
			7.5.4.7	 Regulate Endogenous Protection Mechanisms
			7.5.4.8	 NO Donor
			7.5.4.9	 “Volume Replacement Plus Cardiac Dynamic Support” Resuscitation Regimen [56]
			7.5.4.10	 Circulating Capacity and Blood Oxygenation-Related Indicators
			7.5.4.11	 Organ Damage Indexes
	7.6	 Repair and Regeneration After Brain, Spinal Cord, and Peripheral Nerve Injury
		7.6.1	 Repair and Regeneration After Brain Injury in Adult Mammals
			7.6.1.1	 Response of Endogenous Neural Stem Cells in Adult Mammalian Brain After Traumatic Injury
				Neurogenesis of Normal Mammalian Brain
				TBI-Induced Neurogenesis
				Neurogenesis of the Human Brain
				Regulate TBI-Induced Neurogenesis
				Potential Strategies to Enhance Endogenous Neurogenesis for Traumatic Brain Injury
			7.6.1.2	 Conclusion
		7.6.2	 The Repair and Regeneration After Spinal Cord Injury in Adult Mammals
			7.6.2.1	 Transplantation of Exogenous Stem Cells to Repair Adult Spinal Cord Injury
				Human Embryonic Stem Cell
				Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells (iPSCs)
				Mesenchymal Stem Cells
				Olfactory Ensheathing Cells
				Neural Stem Cells
			7.6.2.2	 Activation of Endogenous Neurogenesis in Adult Mammalian Spinal Cord to Repair Spinal Cord Injury
				What Is Endogenous Neurogenesis in Adulthood? Which Are the Endogenous Stem Cells of the Adult Mammalian Spinal Cord?
				Response of Ependymal Cells after Adult Spinal Cord Injury
				The Ependymal Cells Are Morphologically Heterogeneous
				Markers of Ependymal Cells in Adult Spinal Cord
				Possible Factors Regulating Ependymal Cells and Neurogenesis in Adult Spinal Cord
			7.6.2.3	 Outlook
		7.6.3	 The Strategies and Prospects of Peripheral Nerve Injury Repair
			7.6.3.1	 Neurobiology of Peripheral Nerve Injury
				Cell Body
				Damage Site
				Target Organ
			7.6.3.2	 Research Strategy and Tissue Engineering
				Solving Neuronal Survival
				Treatment for Injury Sites
				Treatment of Target Organs
			7.6.3.3	 Prospects for the Future
				Clinical Application Prospects
				Future Scientific Perspectives
	References
8: Tissue Repair and Regeneration Process Regulation
	8.1	 Systemic Factors Affecting Tissue Repair and Regeneration
		8.1.1	 Psychological Factors
			8.1.1.1	 Psychological Stress and Nerve: the Role of the Endocrine System in Skin Healing
			8.1.1.2	 The Role of Psychological Stress and the Immune System in Skin Wound Healing
			8.1.1.3	 Related Signal Pathways Involved in Psychological Stress and Cytokines in Wound Healing
		8.1.2	 Age
			8.1.2.1	 Biological Structure and Related Functional Characteristics of Aging Skin
			8.1.2.2	 The Impact of Aging on the Healing Process
			8.1.2.3	 The Impact of Other Changes in Aging on Healing
		8.1.3	 Nutrition
			8.1.3.1	 Carbohydrates
			8.1.3.2	 Protein
			8.1.3.3	 Vitamins
			8.1.3.4	 Trace Elements
		8.1.4	 Neuro-Immune-Endocrine System
			8.1.4.1	 The Influence of Nerve on Wound Healing
			8.1.4.2	 The Impact of Endocrine on Wound Healing
			8.1.4.3	 The Impact of Immunity on Wound Healing
		8.1.5	 Systemic Disease Factors
			8.1.5.1	 Metabolic Diseases
			8.1.5.2	 Cardiovascular Diseases
			8.1.5.3	 Nerve Damage Diseases
	8.2	 Local Factors Affecting Tissue Repair and Regeneration
		8.2.1	 Bacterial Colonization and Infection
		8.2.2	 Foreign Bodies
		8.2.3	 Hematoma and Ineffective Cavity
		8.2.4	 Local Blood Flow Supply
	8.3	 Other Factors Affecting Tissue Repair and Regeneration
		8.3.1	 Environmental Factors
		8.3.2	 The Impact of Ionizing Radiation on Healing
		8.3.3	 The Impact of Drugs on Healing
		8.3.4	 Other
	References
9: New Technologies and Tissue Repair and Regeneration (1): Stem Cells, Tissue Engineering, and 3D Technology
	9.1	 Tissue Engineering and 3D Technology
	9.2	 Stem Cells and Related Technologies and Skin Repair and Regeneration
	9.3	 Application of 3D Technology in Organ Tissue Engineering and Regeneration
	9.4	 Tissue Engineering Cornea
		9.4.1	 The Classification of Tissue Engineering Cornea
			9.4.1.1	 Classification by Source of Scaffold Materials
			9.4.1.2	 Classification by Seed Cell Source
		9.4.2	 The Construction Method of Tissue Engineering Cornea
			9.4.2.1	 Construction Method of Tissue Engineering Corneal Epithelium
			9.4.2.2	 Allogeneic Corneal Decellularization Method
			9.4.2.3	 The Construction Method of Tissue Engineering Corneal Stroma
			9.4.2.4	 Construction Method of Tissue Engineering Corneal Endothelium
			9.4.2.5	 Construction Method of Total Corneal Tissue Engineering
		9.4.3	 The Clinical Application of Tissue Engineering Cornea
		9.4.4	 Development Direction and Challenges of Tissue Engineering Cornea
			9.4.4.1	 Development Direction of Tissue Engineering Cornea
			9.4.4.2	 The Challenge of Tissue Engineering Cornea
	9.5	 Tissue Engineering Tendon
		9.5.1	 The Damage and Repair of Tendon
			9.5.1.1	 Structure and Nutrition of Tendon
			9.5.1.2	 Biomechanics of Tendon
			9.5.1.3	 Injury and Healing of Tendon
			9.5.1.4	 Repair of Tendon
		9.5.2	 The Seed Cell Research of Tissue Engineering Tendon
			9.5.2.1	 Tendon Cells
			9.5.2.2	 Fibroblasts
			9.5.2.3	 Stem Cells
		9.5.3	 Study on Scaffold Material of Tissue Engineering Tendon
			9.5.3.1	 Scaffold Material
			9.5.3.2	 Preparation Technology of Scaffold
		9.5.4	 The Effect of Cell Growth Factor on Tendon Healing
		9.5.5	 Composite Culture of Tendon Cells and Scaffold Materials
			9.5.5.1	 Non-mechanical Load Culture
			9.5.5.2	 Mechanical Load Culture
		9.5.6	 Clinical Trial of Tendon Tissue Engineering
	9.6	 Tissue Engineered Myocardium
		9.6.1	 The Selection and Application of Seed Cells
			9.6.1.1	 Embryonic Stem Cell
			9.6.1.2	 Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells
			9.6.1.3	 Mesenchymal Stem Cells
			9.6.1.4	 Brown Adipose-Derived Cardiac Stem Cells
			9.6.1.5	 Myocardial Cells Derived from Somatic Cells
		9.6.2	 The Selection and Application of Scaffold Materials
			9.6.2.1	 Natural Biomaterial
			9.6.2.2	 Artificial Synthetic New Conductive Scaffold Materials
		9.6.3	 In Vitro Construction of Engineered Myocardial Tissue and Its Role in the Treatment of Myocardial Infarction
			9.6.3.1	 Three-Dimensional Engineered Myocardial Tissue Construction Based on the Treatment Strategy of “Band-Aid” Myocardial Infarction
			9.6.3.2	 The Construction of Engineered Myocardial Tissue Based on the Treatment Strategy of Injectable Myocardial Infarction
		9.6.4	 Cardiac Reconstruction Based on Whole-Organ Acellular–Recellular Technique
		9.6.5	 Prospects and Outlooks
	9.7	 Tissue Engineered Cartilage
		9.7.1	 Regeneration of Tissue Engineered Articular Cartilage
			9.7.1.1	 The Histological Characteristics of Natural Articular Cartilage Tissue and the Epidemiology of Injury
			9.7.1.2	 Important Elements and Mechanisms of Tissue Engineered Cartilage Regeneration
			9.7.1.3	 Challenges in Tissue Engineered Cartilage Regeneration and the Direction of Future Conquest
		9.7.2	 The Regeneration of Tissue Engineered Meniscus
			9.7.2.1	 Histological Characteristics and Physiological Functions of Meniscus
			9.7.2.2	 The Damage of Meniscus Tissue and Its Epidemiology
			9.7.2.3	 Regeneration Dilemma After Meniscal Tissue Injury
			9.7.2.4	 Proposal of the Concept of Cartilage Regeneration in Meniscus Engineering
			9.7.2.5	 Important Elements and Mechanisms of Cartilage Regeneration in Meniscus Engineering
			9.7.2.6	 Challenges of Cartilage Regeneration in Meniscus Engineering and the Direction of Future Conquest
	References
10: New Technologies and Tissue Repair and Regeneration (2): Other Biotherapeutic Technologies
	10.1	 Growth Factors and Growth Factor Drugs
		10.1.1	 Fibroblast Growth Factor
		10.1.2	 Fibroblast Growth Factor and Wound Repair
		10.1.3	 Fibroblast Growth Factor and Diabetes
			10.1.3.1	 FGF and Diabetic Ulcer
			10.1.3.2	 FGF and Diabetic Cardiomyopathy
		10.1.4	 Basic Fibroblast Growth Factor and Brain Trauma
		10.1.5	 Fibroblast Growth Factor and Bone Disease
		10.1.6	 Growth Factors and Biological Materials and Their Combined Effects
			10.1.6.1	 Induced Differentiation
			10.1.6.2	 Slow Release of Growth Factors
			10.1.6.3	 Combined Action of Growth Factors
		10.1.7	 Clinical Application of Different Types of Growth Factors and Their Preparations
			10.1.7.1	 Recombinant Human Epidermal Growth Factor External Solution
			10.1.7.2	 bFGF Sustained Release Sponge
			10.1.7.3	 bFGF Microspheres
			10.1.7.4	 bFGF Gel
	10.2	 Protein Peptide and Other Drugs
		10.2.1	 Protein Peptide
			10.2.1.1	 Platelet-Derived Growth Factor
			10.2.1.2	 Growth Hormone
		10.2.2	 Chemical Drugs and Chinese Herbal Medicines
			10.2.2.1	 Chemical Drugs
			10.2.2.2	 Traditional Chinese Medicine
	10.3	 Concentrated Platelet Therapy
		10.3.1	 Historical Development
		10.3.2	 The Mechanism of Action of Concentrated Platelets
		10.3.3	 Current Application
			10.3.3.1	 Preparation of Concentrated Platelets
			10.3.3.2	 Clinical Application of Concentrated Platelets
		10.3.4	 Future Development
		10.3.5	 Other Related Drugs
	10.4	 Gene Therapy
		10.4.1	 Development and Current Status of Gene Therapy Research
		10.4.2	 The Use and Advantages of Gene Therapy in Tissue Repair and Regeneration
		10.4.3	 Gene Therapy and Wound Repair
		10.4.4	 Gene Therapy for Growth Factors
			10.4.4.1	 Transforming Growth Factor β
			10.4.4.2	 Insulin-Like Growth Factor-1
			10.4.4.3	 Platelet-Derived Growth Factor
			10.4.4.4	 Fibroblast Growth Factor
			10.4.4.5	 Hepatocyte Growth Factor
			10.4.4.6	 Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor
		10.4.5	 Gene Therapy Technology
			10.4.5.1	 Selection of Target Genes
			10.4.5.2	 Route of Administration
			10.4.5.3	 Gene Therapy Vector
			10.4.5.4	 Selection of Target Cells
	10.5	 Exosomes and NETosis
		10.5.1	 Introduction to Exosomes
			10.5.1.1	 Exosomes MEX Derived from MSCs
			10.5.1.2	 Exosomes from ESCs and HSCs
			10.5.1.3	 Exosomes Derived from Endothelial Progenitor Cells
		10.5.2	 NETosis Introduction
			10.5.2.1	 The Existence Form of NETosis
			10.5.2.2	 The Regulation Mechanism Formed by NETisos
			10.5.2.3	 NETosis and Lupus Erythematosus
	References
11: New Technology and Tissue Repair and Regeneration (3): Application of Other New Technologies in Tissue Repair and Regeneration
	11.1	 Optical Technology
		11.1.1	 Development History
		11.1.2	 Mechanism of Action
			11.1.2.1	 Inflammatory Phase
			11.1.2.2	 Proliferation Stage
			11.1.2.3	 Shaping Stage
		11.1.3	 Current Application Status
		11.1.4	 Problems and Future Prospects
	11.2	 Bioelectricity/Biomagnetism
		11.2.1	 Electrical Signals
		11.2.2	 Magnetic Signal
		11.2.3	 Classification of EMT and Its Possible Mechanism for Treating Wounds
			11.2.3.1	 Constant DC Therapy
			11.2.3.2	 Electrical Stimulation Therapy
			11.2.3.3	 High-Frequency Electric Field Therapy
			11.2.3.4	 High-Voltage Potential Therapy
	11.3	 Negative Pressure Therapy
		11.3.1	 Development History
		11.3.2	 Mechanism of Action
			11.3.2.1	 Promote Blood Circulation
			11.3.2.2	 Reduce Edema
			11.3.2.3	 Inhibit Bacterial Growth
			11.3.2.4	 Remove Some Necrotic Tissue
			11.3.2.5	 Reduce Posttraumatic Immunosuppression
			11.3.2.6	 Mechanical Pulling Action
			11.3.2.7	 Others
		11.3.3	 Current Application Status
			11.3.3.1	 Application Method
			11.3.3.2	 Clinical Application
		11.3.4	 Problems and Future Prospects
	11.4	 Oxygen Therapy
		11.4.1	 Hyperbaric Oxygen Therapy
			11.4.1.1	 Development History
			11.4.1.2	 Mechanism of Action
			11.4.1.3	 Current Application Status
		11.4.2	 Topical Oxygen Therapy (TOT)
			11.4.2.1	 Development History
			11.4.2.2	 Mechanism of Action
			11.4.2.3	 Current Application Status
	11.5	 Modern Dressing
		11.5.1	 The Development History
		11.5.2	 The Mechanism of Action
		11.5.3	 The Current Application Status
			11.5.3.1	 Natural Biological Dressings
			11.5.3.2	 Synthetic Dressing
			11.5.3.3	 Tissue Engineering
	11.6	 Gene Therapy
		11.6.1	 Development History
		11.6.2	 Mechanism of Action
			11.6.2.1	 Promote Cell Activity
			11.6.2.2	 Promote Collagen Synthesis
			11.6.2.3	 Proangiogenesis
		11.6.3	 Application
	11.7	 Others
		11.7.1	 Digital Medicine
		11.7.2	 3D Bioprinting
		11.7.3	 Telemedicine and Tissue Repair
	References
12: Traditional Medicine and Tissue Repair and Regeneration
	12.1	 General Description
		12.1.1	 Concept of Regeneration in Traditional and Modern Medicine
		12.1.2	 The Modern Medical Treatment of Wound Healing
		12.1.3	 The Inheritance and Evolution of Wound Healing in Traditional Medicine
		12.1.4	 The Traditional Medicine on the Cognition of Wound Healing
			12.1.4.1	 The Understanding of “Essence of Pus” in Traditional Medicine
			12.1.4.2	 “Promoting Pus Drainage and Granulation” and “Wet Healing Theory”
	12.2	 Wound (Sore) Treated by Chinese Medicine Treatment
		12.2.1	 Eliminating Necrotic Tissues Debridement
		12.2.2	 Nibbling Debridement
		12.2.3	 Xi’s Technique of Eliminating Necrotic and Clearing Tendon
		12.2.4	 Chinese Medicine Fumigation and Washing Therapy
		12.2.5	 External Medicinal Liquid Application
		12.2.6	 Therapy of Encircling Lesion with Drugs
	12.3	 The Role of Traditional Chinese Medicine in the Healing Process of Wounds
		12.3.1	 Wound Infection
			12.3.1.1	 Mechanism of Chinese Medicine Treatment of Wound Infection
			12.3.1.2	 Mechanism of Action of Single Traditional Chinese Medicine
			12.3.1.3	 Mechanism of Traditional Chinese Medicine Compound Prescription in Treating Wound Infection
			12.3.1.4	 Other Mechanisms for Traditional Chinese Medicine Treatment of Wound Infection
		12.3.2	 Promote Granulation Tissue Growth
			12.3.2.1	 Eliminating Necrotic Tissues and Promoting Granulation
			12.3.2.2	 Dispelling Stasis and Promoting Granulation
			12.3.2.3	 Invigorating and Promoting Granulation
			12.3.2.4	 Benefiting qi and Removing Stasis and Promoting Granulation
			12.3.2.5	 Other Effects
		12.3.3	 Traditional Chinese Medicine Inhibits Scar Formation
			12.3.3.1	 Overview of Scar Modern Medicine
			12.3.3.2	 Understanding of Scar Formation in Traditional Medicine
			12.3.3.3	 Oral Decoction Treatment
			12.3.3.4	 External Treatment
		12.3.4	 Problems and Prospects
	12.4	 Traditional Chinese Medicine Wound Treatment
	References
13: Discipline Construction and Talent Cultivation of Tissue Restoration and Regenerative Medicine
	13.1	 Guiding Clinical Practice with Wound Repair and Innovation Theory
		13.1.1	 Understand the Significance of Wound Repair Procedures for Wound Treatment
			13.1.1.1	 Regional Characteristics of Wound Healing
			13.1.1.2	 Time-Bound Characteristics of Wound Healing
			13.1.1.3	 Network Sequential Characteristics of Wound Repair
		13.1.2	 The New Theory to Explain the Common Problems of Clinical Treatment of Diabetic Refractory Wounds
			13.1.2.1	 The Nature of Difficult Healing of Diabetes Wounds
		13.1.3	 Focus on the Key Issues of Wound Repair, Explore New Entry Points for Wound Treatment
			13.1.3.1	 The Wound Repair Process Can Be Converted from Passive to Active
			13.1.3.2	 Strive to Explore Macrophage as an Important “Regulatory” Cell Behavior Mechanism for Wound Repair
			13.1.3.3	 Pay Attention to the Role of Dermal Template in Wound Repair
			13.1.3.4	 The Impact of Wound Microenvironment on Stem Cells Is Worth Considering
	13.2	 Interdisciplinary Technology to Improve the Level of Wound Healing Treatment
		13.2.1	 Improve the Accuracy of the Record of Wound History by APP
		13.2.2	 Improve the Traditional Methods to Expand the Scope of Application of Wound Treatment
		13.2.3	 The Treatment of Sinus Wounds Under the Support of Endoscopy
		13.2.4	 Improve the Traditional Diagnostic System with New Ideas
	13.3	 Establish a New Medical Treatment Mode for Wound Treatment
	13.4	 Challenge the History of Patients with “Rotten Foot Disease” Treatment
		13.4.1	 The Background
		13.4.2	 Patient Characteristics
		13.4.3	 The Treatment Plan
	13.5	 Construction of Wound Centers in China
		13.5.1	 The Predecessor of Wound Center in China
		13.5.2	 The Development of Wound Centers in China
			13.5.2.1	 The Start of the Wound Centers in China
			13.5.2.2	 Development of Wound Centers in China
			13.5.2.3	 Mode of Wound Center in China
			13.5.2.4	 Wound Training Programs, Meetings and Organizations
			13.5.2.5	 Limitations of the Construction of Wound Centers in China
		13.5.3	 The Prospect of the Construction of Wound Center in China
	References
14: Problems and Prospects in Regenerative Medicine
	14.1	 General Description
	14.2	 Important Progress in the Field of Regenerative Medicine in China
		14.2.1	 Stem Cells
			14.2.1.1	 Overview
			14.2.1.2	 Construction and Development of Stem Cell Research System in China
			14.2.1.3	 Establishment of Chinese Stem Cell Bank
			14.2.1.4	 Basic Research on Stem Cell Research in China
			14.2.1.5	 Clinical Application of Stem Cells in China
			14.2.1.6	 Comparison with Foreign Stem Cell Research
		14.2.2	 Tissue Engineering
			14.2.2.1	 Overview
			14.2.2.2	 The Construction and Development Process of Organizational Engineering Research System in China
			14.2.2.3	 Research on Tissue Engineering in China
			14.2.2.4	 Comparison of Chinese Tissue Engineering Research with Foreign Countries
		14.2.3	 Growth Factors
			14.2.3.1	 Overview
			14.2.3.2	 Development Status of Growth Factor Research in China
			14.2.3.3	 Foundation and Clinical Research of Chinese Growth Factors
			14.2.3.4	 Comparison of Growth Factor Research in China and Foreign Countries
		14.2.4	 Other: Gene Therapy, Therapeutic Cloning, and Xenotransplantation
	14.3	 National Development Strategy of Chinese Regenerative Medicine
		14.3.1	 The Development Strategy of National Regenerative Medicine
		14.3.2	 Policy on Regenerative Medicine Research in China
		14.3.3	 Capital Investment in Regenerative Medicine in China
		14.3.4	 The Results of Chinese Regenerative Medicine
		14.3.5	 Industrialization of Regenerative Medicine in China
		14.3.6	 Cooperation Between China and Other Countries in Research on Regenerative Medicine
	14.4	 Existing Problems and Prospects
		14.4.1	 Several Aspects of Regenerative Medicine in China That Need to Be Strengthened
			14.4.1.1	 Perfect Systems, Regulations, Technical specifications, Guidelines
			14.4.1.2	 Pay Attention to the Cultivation and Reserve of Stem Cell Research Talents
			14.4.1.3	 Reasonable Allocation of Resources and Breakthroughs in Key Areas
			14.4.1.4	 Extensive International Cooperation
			14.4.1.5	 Diversification of Inputs
		14.4.2	 The Issues That Need Attention in the Research of Tissue Engineered Scaffold Materials
		14.4.3	 Closely Integrate with Industrialization to Strengthen the Transformation and Application of New Technologies and New Products
		14.4.4	 The Development of Basic Research and the Emergence of New Technologies Will Bring New Dawn to Regenerative Medicine
			14.4.4.1	 In-depth Study on the Mechanism of Wound Repair and Tissue Regeneration
			14.4.4.2	 The Impact of 3D Bioprinting Technology on Regenerative Medicine
			14.4.4.3	 The Impact of the Development of Nano-Intelligent Materials on Regenerative Medicine
	References