Refrigeration and Air-Conditioning

cover.jpg......Page 1
Preface......Page 2
Acknowledgements......Page 3
1.2 Temperature, work and heat......Page 5
1.3 Heat......Page 7
1.4 Boiling point......Page 9
1.5 General gas laws......Page 10
1.6 Daltons law......Page 11
1.7 Heattransfer......Page 12
1.9 Two-phase heat transfer......Page 18
2.1 Ideal cycle......Page 19
2.2 Simple vapour compression cycle......Page 20
2.3 Practical Considerations and COP......Page 23
2.4 Multistage Cycles......Page 26
2.5 Non Vapour Compression Cycles......Page 29
3.1 Introduction......Page 34
3.3 Ozone depletion potential......Page 35
3.4 Global Warming Potential......Page 38
3.5 Nomenclature......Page 39
3.6 Refrigerant Blends and Glide......Page 40
3.7 Refrigerant Applications......Page 42
3.8Health and safety......Page 44
4.1 Introduction......Page 45
4.2 The piston compression process......Page 47
4.3 Multi-cylinder compressors......Page 48
4.4 Valves......Page 49
4.5 Capacity reduction......Page 51
4.6 Enclosed motors......Page 52
4.8 Cooling and protection......Page 55
4.10 Compressor efficiency......Page 57
4.11 Screw compressors......Page 59
4.12 Scroll compressors......Page 63
4.13 Sliding and rotary vane compressors......Page 65
4.14 Dynamic compressors......Page 66
5.1 Introduction......Page 70
5.2 Requirements and characteristics......Page 71
5.3 Moisture and Air Contamination......Page 73
5.4 Oil separators......Page 75
5.5 Oil circulation......Page 76
6.2 Heatto be removed......Page 78
6.3 Air-cooled condensers......Page 79
6.4 Water-cooled condensers......Page 82
6.5 Cooling towers......Page 84
6.6 Evaporative condensers......Page 85
6.7 Water treatment......Page 88
6.8 Condenser maintenance......Page 90
6.11 Other forms of condenser......Page 91
6.12 Winter operation......Page 92
6.13 Receivers......Page 93
6.14 Dry coolers......Page 94
7.2 Air cooling evaporators......Page 95
7.3 Liquid cooling evaporators......Page 97
7.4 Plate evaporators for freezing......Page 104
7.5 Defrosting......Page 105
7.6 Condensate pumps......Page 106
8.2 Thermostatic Expansion Valves......Page 107
8.3 External equalizer......Page 110
8.4 Electronic expansion valves......Page 111
8.5 Capillarytubes and restrictors......Page 113
8.6 Low-pressure float valves and switches......Page 114
8.7 High-pressure float valves......Page 116
8.8 Other level controls......Page 118
9.1 Introduction......Page 119
9.3 Humidistats......Page 120
9.4 Pressure switches......Page 121
9.5 Oil pressure switches......Page 122
9.6 Pressure gauges......Page 123
9.7 Solenoid valves......Page 124
9.8 Evaporator pressure regulation valves......Page 125
9.10 Shut-off valves......Page 126
9.11 Filter-driers......Page 128
9.13 Suction accumulators......Page 129
9.14 Suction-to-liquid heat exchangers......Page 130
9.15 Condenser pressure regulators......Page 131
9.17 Strainers......Page 132
9.20 Liquid refrigerant pumps......Page 133
10.2 Criteria and Options......Page 135
10.3 Evaporating Temperature......Page 138
10.4 Evaporator......Page 139
10.5 Compressor......Page 142
10.6 Condenser......Page 146
10.7 Expansion Valve......Page 148
10.9 Re-Check Components......Page 150
11.2 Materials......Page 151
11.3 Pressure safety......Page 152
11.4 LeakTesting......Page 153
11.6 Piping for oil return......Page 154
11.8 Instruments......Page 155
11.9 Rising liquid lines......Page 156
11.11 Cleanliness of piping......Page 157
11.12 Evacuation......Page 158
11.13 Charging with refrigerant......Page 159
11.14 Insulation......Page 160
11.16 Non-condensible gases......Page 161
11.17 Automatic gas purgers......Page 163
12.1 Introduction......Page 164
12.2 Chilled Water......Page 165
12.5 Secondary Coolants......Page 166
12.7 Thermal Storage......Page 170
13.1 Introduction......Page 172
13.2 Condensing Units......Page 173
13.3 Compressor Packs......Page 175
13.4 Chillers and Air Cooling Packages......Page 176
13.5 Split packages......Page 178
13.6 Testing of packaged units......Page 179
13.7 Other packages......Page 180
14.1 Introduction......Page 181
14.3 Pre-Cooling......Page 182
14.5 Quick Freezing......Page 183
14.6 Contact Freezing......Page 185
14.8 Post-Storage Operations......Page 186
15.2 Running Costs for Cold Storage......Page 188
15.3 Packing and Handling......Page 189
15.4 Frost Avoidance......Page 190
15.5 Insulation and Vapour Barriers......Page 193
15.7 Cold Store Construction......Page 195
15.8 Floors......Page 196
15.10 Fire Risk......Page 197
15.11 Door and Safety Exits......Page 198
15.13 Evaporators......Page 199
15.15 Security of Operation......Page 201
16.2 Meat industry applications......Page 202
16.4 Pork and bacon......Page 205
16.5 Poultry......Page 206
16.7 Milk and milk products......Page 207
16.8 Ice-cream......Page 210
16.9 Beer and Brewing......Page 212
16.11 Soft drinks......Page 214
16.12 Fruits......Page 215
16.14 Bakery products......Page 216
16.16 Chocolate......Page 217
17.1 Introduction......Page 218
17.3 Sea And Intermodal Transport......Page 219
17.4 Road and Rail Transport......Page 221
17.5 Logistics......Page 223
17.6 Refrigerated Display......Page 224
17.7 Retail Refrigeration......Page 227
18.2Product cooling......Page 230
18.4Convected heat......Page 233
18.5Internal heat sources......Page 234
18.7Estimate analysis......Page 235
19.1 Introduction......Page 237
19.3 Solvent Recovery......Page 238
19.5 De-Waxing of Oils......Page 239
19.7 Cooling Concrete......Page 240
19.9 Low-Temperature Testing......Page 241
19.10 Chemical Industry......Page 242
20.2 Calculation of properties......Page 244
20.4 Dew point......Page 246
20.5 Wet bulb temperature......Page 247
20.6 The psychrometric chart......Page 249
20.7 Effects on human comfort......Page 251
20.8 Climatic conditions......Page 252
20.9 Other comfort factors......Page 253
20.10 Fresh air......Page 254
21.1 Heating......Page 255
21.2 Mixing of airstreams......Page 256
21.4 Water spray (adiabatic saturation)......Page 258
21.5 Steam injection......Page 260
21.6 Air washer with chilled water......Page 262
21.7 Cooling and dehumidifying coil......Page 264
21.8 Sensiblelatent ratio......Page 265
21.9 Multistep processes......Page 266
21.10 Process analysis......Page 269
22.1 Heating......Page 270
22.2 Addition of moisture......Page 271
22.5 Evaporative coolers......Page 272
22.6 Cooling towers and evaporative condensers......Page 275
23.2 Conduction heat gains......Page 278
23.3 Solar heat......Page 279
23.4 Fresh air......Page 282
23.5 Internal heat sources......Page 283
23.6 Assessment of total load estimates......Page 284
24.2 Velocity and total pressure......Page 285
24.3 Measuring devices......Page 286
24.4 Fans......Page 289
24.5 Fan laws and fan control......Page 293
24.6 Flow of air in ducts......Page 295
24.7 Flow of air under kinetic energy......Page 297
24.8 Flow of air in a room......Page 300
24.10 Return air......Page 302
24.11 Textile ducting......Page 303
24.12 Air filtration......Page 304
24.13 Cleanliness and cleaning of ducting......Page 306
25.1 Introduction......Page 307
25.2 Numerical Examples......Page 309
25.3 Air Handling Units......Page 310
25.4 Fan Coil Units......Page 316
25.5 Integral Units......Page 318
25.7 Static Cooling Devices......Page 319
25.10 VRF Systems......Page 320
28.11 Two-Pipe Systems......Page 323
25.12 Transport Air Conditioning......Page 324
26.1 Psychrometrics......Page 325
26.3 Applications......Page 327
26.4 High-temperature dehumidifiers......Page 328
27.1 Introduction......Page 329
27.3 Dedicated Heat Pumps......Page 330
27.4 Heat Recovery......Page 334
28.2 The Control Loop......Page 336
28.3 Detectors and Sensors......Page 337
28.4 Controllers......Page 339
28.6 Controls Communications......Page 341
28.7 Control System Planning......Page 342
28.8 Commissioning of Control Systems......Page 343
29.2 Specification......Page 345
29.3 Commissioning......Page 346
29.4 Performance Measurements......Page 349
29.5 Planned Maintenance......Page 350
29.7 Fault-Finding......Page 353
29.8 Running Log......Page 354
29.10 Training and Competence......Page 355
30.2 Energy Efficiency......Page 357
30.4 HEAT PUMP/boiler comparison......Page 362
30.5 Efficiency Standards, Certification and Labelling......Page 363
30.6 Commitment to Energy Savings......Page 364
31.3 Some Simple Rules......Page 365
31.4 Compressor Noise......Page 366
31.6 Air System Noise......Page 367
31.7 Attenuation......Page 368
Appendix Units of Measurement......Page 369
References......Page 372
Useful WebSites......Page 377
Index......Page 379