ReFormation and Identity: The Intersectionality of Development, Culture, and Immigration

Acknowledgments
Contents
About the Editors
About the Authors
Chapter 1: Identity Formation and Re-Formation: Resistance, Growth, and Emerging Pathways for Immigrant Youth and their Families
	Social Historical Context
	Recent Demographic Patterns: Canada and the USA
	Racial and Ethnic Identity
	Acculturation, Assimilation, and Identity
	Learning from the Identity Framework
	The Organization and Content of this Volume
	Acculturation, Multidimensional Identity, and Family Socialization Processes
	Language, Language Role Identity, and Literacy
		Transnational Place and Identity: Resistant Re/Formation
	Identity as a Protective Factor: Coping with Depression, Distress, and Adjustment Stress
	Positive Youth and Emerging Adult Development
	Conclusion
	References
Part I: Acculturation, Multidimensional Identity, and Family Socialization Processes
	Chapter 2: A Model of the Multidimensional Acculturation of Russian-Speaking Immigrant Youth in Canada
		Acculturation
			Unidimensional Acculturation
			Bidimensional Acculturation
			Tridimensional Acculturation
		Identity and Belonging
			Identity Development
			Sense of Belonging
		Russian-Speaking Immigrants
		The Current Study
			Method
				Participants
				Procedures
		Results
			Choosing Identities
			Expressing Identities
		Fitting in the Social World
		Navigating the Context
		Discussion
		Conclusions
		References
	Chapter 3: “We Keep the Traditions Going”: Intergenerational Transmission of Cultural Identities Among Asian Indian Multigenerational Households
		Pattern of Immigration among Asian Indians in the United States
		Conceptual Framework
			Life Course Perspective
			Racial and Ethnic Identity Development
		Method
			Participants
			Interview Structure
			Data Analysis
		Results
			Transmission of Cultural Identity through Intergenerational Caregiving
			The Role of Grandparents in Inculcating Cultural Identity
		Discussion
		Implications for Research and Policy
		References
	Chapter 4: Multidimensional Acculturation and Identity Re-Formation Processes Among South Sudanese Refugee as Emerging Adults in the United States
		Psychosocial Context of South Sudanese Refugees in the U.S.
		Quasi-longitudinal Qualitative Study
			Participants
			Interviews
			Modified Grounded Theory Approach
			Data Analysis
		Results
			Acculturation Processes: Exploration, Commitment, Internalization, Retainment, and Coping
				Exploration: Facing Cultural Differences, Exploring Diverse Cultures, and Gaining a Multicultural Perspective
				Commitment: Seeking the American Dream to Help Others
				Internalization of Ethnicity and Race: Evaluating African Ethnicity and Integrating African American Misidentification Based on Skin Color
				Retainment: Maintaining the South Sudanese National Identity and Culture
				Coping with Racism
			Identity Re-Formation Associated with Multidimensional Acculturation: Bicultural to Quad-cultural
		Discussion
			Limitations
			Implications
		Conclusions
		Appendix
		References
	Chapter 5: Family Engagement and Identity Development Among Immigrant-Origin Latinx Emerging Adults
		Emerging into Adulthood for Latinx Immigrant-Origin Undergraduate Adults
			Multiple Identities of Immigrant-Origin Emerging Adults
				Hyphenated Selves Framework
		Family Engagement Among Immigrant-Origin Emerging Adults
		Latinx Emerging Adults’ Identity Development Within the Family Context
		The Present Study
			Method
				Participants and Procedures
			Methodological Approach
				Patterns of Family Engagement
				Perceptions of Hyphenated Identities
		Understanding Family Engagement
		Two Portraits of Latinx Immigrant-Origin Emerging Adults
			Carmen, Parallel Identities at the Hyphen
			Eric, Giving Back to his Community
		Discussion and Conclusions
		References
	Chapter 6: Buffering Against Parent-Child Conflict: Exploring the Role of Biculturalism in the Relationship Between South Asian College Students and Their Parents
		Racialized Immigration History of the United States
		Acculturation Approach to Identity
		Postcolonial Feminist Views on Immigrant Identity and Biculturalism
		Development of Bicultural Identity and Family Conflict in South Asian Immigrants
		The Present Study
		Method
			Participants
			Procedure and Measures
		Results
			Preliminary Analyses
			Bivariate Associations Among Biculturalism, Intergenerational Conflict, and Well-being
		Discussion
			Biculturalism and Family Conflict
			Biculturalism as a Protective Factor
			Final Message
		References
Part II: Language, Language Role Identity, and Literacy
	Chapter 7: Immigrant Identity Narratives: Youth Literacy Project
		Method
			Participants and Selections of Narratives
			Narrative Methodology
		Results
			Story Clusters
			Smooth/Positive Cluster
				Immigration Journey
				Adjustment
				Family
				Meaning Making
			Loss/Bitterness Cluster
				Immigration Journey
				Adjustment
				Family
				Meaning Making
			Redemption Cluster
				Immigration Journey
				Adjustment
				Family
				Meaning Making
			Hard Work/Hard Life Cluster
				Immigration Journey
				Adjustment
				Family
				Meaning Making
			Summary Across General Themes
		Discussion
		References
	Chapter 8: Role-Based Identity Development in Latinx Adolescents from Immigrant Families: The Development of Language Broker Role Identity
		The Case for Language Broker Role Identity
			Identity Development and Identity Theory
			Ethnic Identity
			Intergenerational Transmission of Parent Ethnic Identity to Adolescent Ethnic Identity
			Language Broker Role Identity Centrality
			Gender and Nativity as Moderators of Ethnic and Language Broker Identity
			Testing Language Broker Identity as a Mechanism for the Intergenerational Transmission of Ethnic Identities
				Participants
				Measures
				Analysis Plan
			Maternal and Paternal Discrepancies in the Intergenerational Transmission of Ethnic Identity
				Maternal Effects for the Intergenerational Transmission of Ethnic Identities
				Paternal Effects for the Intergenerational Transmission of Ethnic Identities
		Factors Influencing Language Broker Role Identity
			Parenting, Life Meaning, and Their Effects on Language Broker Role-Based Identity
			Parenting Practices and Language Broker Identity Development
			Parenting Practices Influence Language Broker Role Identity Development
				Participants
				Measures
				Analysis Plan
			Maternal Parenting Practices and Language Broker Role Identity Development
				Maternal Warmth, Maternal Hostility, and Language Broker Centrality
				Influence of Parenting Practices on Language Broker Role-based Identities
		Future Directions
			The Effect of Cultural Values on Language Broker Role Identity
			Navigating Adolescents’ Multiple Identities
		Conclusion
		References
	Chapter 9: “Talking Black”: Examining Black Immigrant Youth’s Cultural Identity Through Peer Culture and Black American English
		Theoretical Framework
		Focus Group Study Method
			Researcher Reflexivity
		Black Immigrant Adolescents and Black American Culture
			Black Immigrant Adolescents and Peer Culture
			Focus Group Findings
		Learning Black American English
			Black American English
			Black Immigrant Adolescents and Black American English
			Focus Group Findings
				Embracing BAE
				Tension with the Language
		Language and Cultural Identity
			Focus Group Findings
		Discussion
		References
Part III: Transnational Place and Identity: Resistant Re/Formation
	Chapter 10: Transnational Community and Identity Among Mexican Migrants: A Third Space
		Extant Immigration Theories
		Emergent Transnational Theories of Migration
		The Present Study
		Method
		Results and Discussion
			The Jalos Fiestas
				Los Ausentes y Las Fiestas
			Intergenerational Differences Within Families
			The Youth
			Social Capital and Social Support Networks
				El Que Quiere, Puede: The Mexican Version of the American Dream
		Conclusions and Policy Implications
		References
	Chapter 11: Adaptation and Identity Formation in the Israeli Diaspora
		Segmented and Transnational Identity Formation
		Method
		Results and Discussion
			Israel and Emigration
			Differences Between Israeli and Diaspora Jewish Identities
			Early Reactions of Israeli Emigrants to Diaspora Identities
			The Changing Context of Israeli Emigration
		The Impact of Israeli Emigrants’ New Status on Mobility and Assimilation
			Reconsidering Identity
			Child Rearing and National Identity
			Jewish Ethnicity/Peoplehood
			Second-Generation Identity
		Conclusions
		References
Part IV: Identity as a Protective Factor: Coping with Depression, Distress, and Adjustment Stress
	Chapter 12: First- and Second-Generation Black Immigrant Experiences with Ethnic Misidentification, Acculturation, and Psychological Distress
		Identity Complexity for Black Immigrants in America
		The “One Drop Rule” and Ethnoracial Classification in the United States
		From Openly Racist to Microaggressive
		Ethnic Misidentification and Misclassification in Minorities
			Misidentification and Black Immigrants
		Immigrant Acculturation Strategies and Psychological Outcomes
		Ethnic Misidentification and Acculturation Among Black Immigrants
		Method: Quantitative and Qualitative Data
			Participants
			Culturally Appropriate Instrumentation
				Demographics
				Ethnic Misidentification
				Psychological Distress
				Acculturation Strategy
				Acculturative Stress
			Data Collection and Analyses
			Collecting and Interpreting Interview Data
		Quantitative Results
			Relationships in the Quantitative Data
		Qualitative Results
			What Interviewees Told Us About Ethnic Misidentification
				Contextual Experiences of Ethnic Misidentification
				Emotional Experiences of Ethnic Misidentification
		Discussion
			Ethnic Misidentification and Psychological Distress
			Acculturation and Psychological Distress
		Summary and Key Points
		References
	Chapter 13: Longitudinal Linkages Between Ethnic-Racial Identity and Discrimination-Related Distress Among Mexican-Origin Girls
		Ethnic-Racial Discrimination and Depressive Symptoms
		A Potential Mechanism Between Discrimination and Depressive Symptoms: Ethnic-Racial Identity (ERI)
			Discrimination and Ethnic-Racial Identity
		Ethnic-Racial Identity and Depressive Symptoms
		Ethnic-Racial Identity: A Mediating Process?
		Present Study
		Method
			Participants and Procedures
			Measures
				Perceived Discrimination
				Ethnic-Racial Identity
				Depressive Symptoms
				Nativity
			Plan of Analysis
		Results
			Preliminary Results
			Full Model Results
			Multi-group Analyses by Adolescent Nativity
		Discussion
		References
	Chapter 14: Victimization, Ethnic Identity, and Psychosocial Adjustment During First Year Experiences of Latina/o College Students from Immigrant Families
		Theoretical Foundations
		Latinos and the College Experience
			Challenges and Barriers Within the Latino College Experience
		Experiences of Peer Victimization
		Perceived Ethnic Discrimination and Its Negative Effects
		Ethnic Identity as a Buffer Among Populations of Color
		Addressing the Gaps: The Present Study
		Method
			Sample
			Procedures
			Measures
				Ethnic Identity Affirmation
				Peer Victimization
				Ethnic Discrimination
				Anger Regulation Coping
				Anxious Attachment
				Verbal Hostility
				Brooding
		Results
			Type of Analysis
			Preliminary Analyses
			Hierarchical Regressions
		Discussion
		Conclusions and Implications
		References
	Chapter 15: Parent-Adolescent Dissimilarity in Ethnic-Racial Identity Exploration: Implications for Adolescent Family Cohesion and Depressive Symptoms
		Theoretical Framework
		Parent-Adolescent Dissimilarity in Ethnic-Racial Identity Exploration
		Acculturation Gap-Distress and Youth and Family Well-Being: A Mixed Picture
		Identity Dissimilarity and Youth Mental Health: Family Functioning as a Mediator
		The Current Study
			Method
				Participants
				Procedure
				Measures
				Covariates
				Analytic Plan
				Interaction of Parent and Adolescent Ethnic-Racial Identity Exploration
				Parent-Adolescent Exploration Difference Score
				Parent-Adolescent Exploration Gap Value
			Results
				Preliminary Analyses
				Primary Analyses
		Discussion
			Limitations and Future Directions
			Implications
		References
Part V: Positive Youth and Emerging Adult Development
	Chapter 16: Positive Identity Development as an Integration Measure: Reframing Alternative Conceptual Findings for Academically Resilient, Low Income Urban Youth
		Perspectives on Migration, Self, and Society
			Classic Theories: Assimilation to the White Middle Class
			Segmented Assimilation: Greater Diversity and a Vanishing White Middle Class
		The Present Study: Development in an Urban Context
			Sociohistorical Considerations
			PVEST as an Integration Measure: Reframing the Assimilation Question
			Hypotheses
		Method
			Description of Sample
				Intersection of Ethnic Heritage and First-Generation Status
			Measures
				General Positive Attitude Measure
				Skin Color Opinions and Perceptions Evaluation (SCOPE) Measure
				Multigroup Ethnic Identity Measure
				Receiving Context Variables
			Results
				Regression Model
			Robustness Checks
			Hypotheses Testing: Mixed Results
		Discussion and Future Directions
			Limitations
		Conclusion
		References
	Chapter 17: Pathways of Positive Development Among Muslim-American Emerging Adults: Not an Oxymoron
		Developing a Religious Identity in a Context Suspicious of the Religion
		Developing Despite Challenges
			Religion and its Variation as an Underexplored Asset
		The Current Study
		Method
			Sample and Procedures
			Focus Group Questions
			Data Analysis
		Results
			Challenges and External Social Mirrors
				Being Religious in America
				Being Muslim in America
				Feeling Out of Place
			Positive Social Mirrors
				External Validation
				Activating Internal Resources for Positive Development
		Discussion
			Challenges
			Resources
			Limitations
		Conclusions, Implications, and Future Directions
		References
	Chapter 18: Identity Development Among African Refugee Immigrant Youth in Australia
		African Refugee Immigrant Youth Cultures and Identities
		Australian Refugee Immigration Policies and Instruments
			Influences of Identity Development of African Youth Refugee Immigrants to Australia
			Social Affiliation Identity
			Rule Identity
			Role Identity
			Value Identity
		Issues for Research and Other Forms of Scholarship
		Conclusion
		References
Index