Reference Architectures for Critical Domains: Industrial Uses and Impacts

Foreword
Preface
Acknowledgments
Contents
1 Introduction
	References
2 An Overview of Reference Architectures
	2.1 Characterization of Reference Architectures
	2.2 Categories of Reference Architectures
	2.3 Engineering Reference Architectures
	2.4 Final Remarks
	References
3 Reference Architectures for Telecommunications Systems
	3.1 Introduction
	3.2 Fifth Generation of Mobile Telephony (5G)
		3.2.1 5G Architecture Network
			3.2.1.1 User Equipment
		3.2.2 Radio Access Network
		3.2.3 The Core Network (5GC or 5GCN)
	3.3 Digital TV
		3.3.1 Multiple-System Operator
		3.3.2 Video Services
		3.3.3 Adaptive Bitrate Systems
		3.3.4 MPEG-DASH
		3.3.5 HLS
		3.3.6 Low-Latency Streaming
		3.3.7 The Over-the-Top Model
		3.3.8 CDN (Content Delivery Network)
		3.3.9 The New Generation of TV Broadcasting Systems
			3.3.9.1 DVB-T2
			3.3.9.2 ATSC 3.0
			3.3.9.3 MMT (MPEG Media Transport)
			3.3.9.4 Enhanced Multimedia Broadcast Multicast Service
			3.3.9.5 Hybrid Television Systems
		3.3.10 QoE Monitoring
		3.3.11 Convergence of Broadband and Broadcast Systems
		3.3.12 Software Architectures for DTV Receivers
			3.3.12.1 RDK
			3.3.12.2 Android TV and Android AOSP
			3.3.12.3 Challenges of the Video-Streaming Industry
	3.4 Future Directions
	References
4 Reference Architectures for Health
	4.1 Introduction
	4.2 Background and Related Work
		4.2.1 Performance
			4.2.1.1 Related Work
		4.2.2 Resilience
			4.2.2.1 Related Work
	4.3 OCARIoT Architecture
		4.3.1 Instantiation
	4.4 Performance Study
		4.4.1 Approach
		4.4.2 Evaluation
			4.4.2.1 Setup
			4.4.2.2 Results
	4.5 Resilience Study
		4.5.1 Approach
		4.5.2 Evaluation
			4.5.2.1 Setup
			4.5.2.2 Results
	4.6 Conclusions
	References
5 Reference Architectures for Automotive Software
	5.1 Introduction
	5.2 From the Origins to the Present of Automotive System and Software Architectures
		5.2.1 Historical Outline
		5.2.2 Evolution of E/E System Architecture
		5.2.3 Evolution of Software Architecture
	5.3 Current Development and Engineering Approaches for Software-Intensive Automotive Systems
		5.3.1 Software Development in Automotive Projects
		5.3.2 Model-Based Systems and Software Engineering
			5.3.2.1 Model-Based Design and Architecture View Frameworks
			5.3.2.2 The SPES Modeling Framework for Model-Based Design
			5.3.2.3 PREEVision: A Tool for the Model-Driven Design of Automotive Systems
	5.4 Standards and Guidelines
		5.4.1 AUTOSAR
			5.4.1.1 AUTOSAR Classic
			5.4.1.2 AUTOSAR Adaptive
			5.4.1.3 Co-existence of AUTOSAR Platforms
			5.4.1.4 AUTOSAR in Practice
			5.4.1.5 Practical Challenges Concerning AUTOSAR
		5.4.2 ISO 26262
			5.4.2.1 ISO 26262:4 Recommendations for System Architecture Design
			5.4.2.2 ISO 26262:6 Recommendations for Software Architecture Design
		5.4.3 AUTOSAR and ISO 26262
		5.4.4 Automotive SPICE
		5.4.5 Company-Specific Guidelines
	5.5 Emerging Approaches and Future Development
		5.5.1 Continuous Software Engineering and DevOps
			5.5.1.1 The Microservices Architecture Style
		5.5.2 Integrating AI Components into System and Software Architecture
		5.5.3 Future Vehicular System and Software Architectures
			5.5.3.1 Hierarchical Architectures
			5.5.3.2 Service-Oriented Architectures
			5.5.3.3 Distributed Architectures
			5.5.3.4 Event-Driven Architectures
	5.6 Conclusions
	References
6 Reference Architecture for Commercial Avionics Software
	6.1 Introduction
	6.2 The Aircraft Context
	6.3 The Evolution of Avionics Architectures
		6.3.1 Federated Reference Architecture
		6.3.2 Integrated Modular Avionics (IMA) Reference Architecture
	6.4 Avionics Certification
		6.4.1 Regulatory Basis
			6.4.1.1 Type certificate (TC)
			6.4.1.2 Supplemental type certificate (STC)
			6.4.1.3 Technical Standard Order (TSO)
		6.4.2 Guidance Material
	6.5 Airworthiness Requirements for Commercial Avionics
		6.5.1 Advisory Circular (AC) 25.1309
	6.6 Integrated Modular Avionics (IMA) Concepts
		6.6.1 Robust Partitioning
		6.6.2 APEX Interface
		6.6.3 System Integration
	6.7 ARINC 653 Specification
		6.7.1 Goals
		6.7.2 Quality Requirements
		6.7.3 Specification Compliance
		6.7.4 Configuration Considerations
			6.7.4.1 Configuration Specification
			6.7.4.2 ARINC 653 XML Schema
			6.7.4.3 XML Processes
	6.8 Reference Architecture
		6.8.1 General Concepts
			6.8.1.1 Partitions
			6.8.1.2 Software Decomposition
			6.8.1.3 Implementation Guidelines
			6.8.1.4 Hardware Considerations
		6.8.2 Reference Architecture Overview
		6.8.3 Functional Description
			6.8.3.1 Partition Management
			6.8.3.2 Process Management
			6.8.3.3 Interpartition Communication
			6.8.3.4 Intrapartition Communication
			6.8.3.5 Health Monitor
			6.8.3.6 Time Management
			6.8.3.7 Memory Management
		6.8.4 Service Requirements
		6.8.5 Verification Responsibilities
	6.9 Challenges and Ways Forward
	References
7 Reference Architectures for Industry 4.0
	7.1 Introduction
		7.1.1 A Short History of Industrial Revolutions
		7.1.2 The Fourth Industrial Revolution
	7.2 Architecture Challenges in Production Systems
		7.2.1 Status Quo and Its Challenges
		7.2.2 Use Cases
		7.2.3 Architecture Drivers
			7.2.3.1 End-to-End Communication
			7.2.3.2 Plug-and-Produce
		7.2.4 Classification of Use Cases and Architectures
			7.2.4.1 Reference Architecture Model Industrie 4.0 (RAMI 4.0)
			7.2.4.2 Industrial Internet Reference Architecture (IIRA)
	7.3 The Digital Twin in the Context of Industry 4.0
		7.3.1 The Digital Twin
		7.3.2 Digital Twins and the Asset Administration Shell
	7.4 BaSys 4
		7.4.1 Overview
		7.4.2 The BaSys 4 Reference Architecture
			7.4.2.1 C4 Architecture Model
			7.4.2.2 Industry 4.0 Infrastructure Components
		7.4.3 The Service-Based Production Paradigm
		7.4.4 Mapping to RAMI 4.0
	7.5 Further Reference Architectures
		7.5.1 SITAM
		7.5.2 PERFoRM
	7.6 Conclusion
	References
8 Domain-Independent Reference Architectures and Standards
	8.1 Introduction to Reference Architectures and Standardsin Industry
		8.1.1 Motivation and Research Goal
		8.1.2 Research Methodology
		8.1.3 Structure of the Chapter
	8.2 Cloud Computing
		8.2.1 NIST Cloud Computing Reference Architecture
		8.2.2 ISO/IEC Cloud Computing Reference Architecture
		8.2.3 Analysis for Cloud Computing RAs
	8.3 Big Data
		8.3.1 NIST Big Data Reference Architecture (NBDRA)
		8.3.2 Cloud Customer Architecture for Big Dataand Analytics
		8.3.3 ISO/IEC 20547-3:2020(E): Big Data Reference Architecture
		8.3.4 Analysis of Big Data RAs
	8.4 Internet of Things (IoT)
		8.4.1 ISO/IEC 30141:2018: Internet of Things (IoT)—Reference Architecture
		8.4.2 IEEE 2413-2019: IEEE Standard for an Architectural Framework for the Internet of Things
		8.4.3 Industrial Internet Reference Architecture: IIRA
		8.4.4 Analysis of IoT RAs
	8.5 Artificial Intelligence- and Machine Learning-Based Systems
		8.5.1 ITU-T Y.4470: Reference Architecture of Artificial Intelligence Service Exposure for Smart Sustainable Cities
		8.5.2 ETSI GS ARF 003: Augmented Reality Framework Architecture
		8.5.3 Acumos and the AI4EU Platform
		8.5.4 AI Workflow Proposals from Large Companies
		8.5.5 Analysis of AI-Based System RAs
	8.6 Final Remarks
	References
9 Future Advances in Reference Architectures
	9.1 Perspectives for Future Work
	9.2 Final Remarks
	References
10 Final Remarks