Recycling of thermoplastic composites

Cover
Half Title
Also of interest
Thermoplastic Composites: Principles and Applications
Copyright
Dedication
Preface
Contents
1. Introduction
	References
2. Constituents of thermoplastic composites
	2.1 Introduction
	2.2 Matrices in thermoplastic composites
		2.2.1 Crystallinity of thermoplastics
			2.2.1.1 Semicrystalline and amorphous thermoplastics
			2.2.1.2 Degree of crystallinity
			2.2.1.3 Difference in crystallinity, polymerization, and cross-linking
		2.2.2 Thermoplastics and their properties
		2.2.3 Temperature effect
		2.2.4 Polypropylene
		2.2.5 Polyethylene
		2.2.6 Nylon
		2.2.7 Polyethylene terephthalate
		2.2.8 Polyphenylene sulfide
		2.2.9 Polyether ether ketone
		2.2.10 Polyetherimide
		2.2.11 Bio-based thermoplastics
		2.2.12 Liquid crystal polymer
	2.3 Reinforcements in thermoplastic composites
		2.3.1 Fibers
			2.3.1.1 Glass fiber
			2.3.1.2 Carbon fiber
			2.3.1.3 Synthetic polymer fiber
			2.3.1.4 Basalt fiber
			2.3.1.5 Cellulose fiber
			2.3.1.6 Other fibers
		2.3.2 Particulate
		2.3.3 Nanoscale reinforcements
			2.3.3.1 Nanoclay
			2.3.3.2 Other nanoscale reinforcements
	2.4 Fiber/matrix interface
		2.4.1 Fiber surface treatment
			2.4.1.1 Sizing
			2.4.1.2 Plasma treatment
			2.4.1.3 Alkaline treatment
			2.4.1.4 Etching on fiber surface
		2.4.2 Coupling agent added to matrix
	2.5 Voids
	2.6 Summary
	References
3. Continuous and discontinuous fiber-reinforced thermoplastic composites
	3.2 Continuous fiber-reinforced thermoplastic composite
		(a)
	3.1 Introduction
	3.2 Continuous fiber-reinforced thermoplastic composite
		3.2.1 Unidirectional fiber-reinforced thermoplastic composite
		3.2.2 Woven fabric thermoplastic composite
		3.2.3 Braided fabric thermoplastic composite
		3.2.4 Noncrimp fiber thermoplastic composite
		3.2.5 Self-reinforced composite
	3.3 Discontinuous fiber-reinforced thermoplastic composite
		3.3.1 Random fiber mat thermoplastic composite
		3.3.2 Long fiber thermoplastic composite
			3.3.2.1 Introduction
			3.3.2.2 Critical fiber length
		3.3.3 Short fiber thermoplastic composite
	3.4 Thermoplastic composite-based hybrid material
		3.4.1 Overmolded thermoplastic composites
		3.4.2 Thermoplastic composite sandwich material
	3.5 Multifunctional thermoplastic composite
	3.6 Summary
	References
4. Processing of thermoplastic composites
	4.1 Introduction
	4.2 Effect of viscosity on processing of thermoplastic composites
	4.3 Manufacture of continuous fiber thermoplastic composite preform
		4.3.1 Melt impregnation process
		4.3.2 Powder impregnation
		4.3.3 Commingling
		4.3.4 Film stacking
		4.3.5 Solution impregnation
	4.4 Consolidation of continuous fiber thermoplastic composite preform
		4.4.1 Pultrusion
		4.4.2 Double belt pressing
		4.4.3 Continuous compression molding
		4.4.4 Thermostamping
		4.4.5 Roll forming
		4.4.6 Autoclave molding
		4.4.7 Compression molding
		4.4.8 Filament winding
		4.4.9 Automated tape placement
		4.4.10 Bladder molding
		4.4.11 Diaphragm forming
		4.4.12 In situ polymerization process
	4.5 Manufacture of discontinuous fiber thermoplastic composite preform
		4.5.1 Short fiber thermoplastic composite pellets
		4.5.2 Long fiber thermoplastic composite pellets
		4.5.3 Glass fiber mat thermoplastic composite
	4.6 Molding of discontinuous fiber thermoplastic composite preform
		4.6.1 Injection molding
		4.6.2 Compression molding
		4.6.3 Injection-compression molding
		4.6.4 Direct in-line compounding
		4.6.5 Extrusion
	4.7 Overmolding process
	4.8 Tooling technology
	4.9 Joining of thermoplastic composites
		4.9.1 Resistance welding
		4.9.2 Induction welding
		4.9.3 Ultrasonic welding
		4.9.4 Laser welding
		4.9.5 Friction welding
		4.9.6 Other joining methods
	4.10 Summary
	References
5. Additive manufacturing of thermoplastic composites
	5.1 Introduction
	5.2 Fusion deposition modeling
		5.2.1 Filament-based feedstock
		5.2.2 Mechanical behaviors
			5.2.2.1 Tensile behavior
			5.2.2.2 Impact behavior
	5.3 Fused pellet fabrication
	5.4 Selective laser sintering
		5.4.1 Powder-based feedstock
		5.4.2 Zero shear viscosity
	5.5 Laminated object manufacturing
	5.6 Other additive manufacturing processes
	5.7 Effect of material variables
		5.7.1 Thermal properties
		5.7.2 Rheological properties
		5.7.3 Optical properties
	5.8 Challenges in AM of thermoplastic composites
		5.8.1 High void content
		5.8.2 Inadequate bonding
		5.8.3 Limited mechanical property
		5.8.4 Low production rate
		5.8.5 Residual stress and warpage
	5.9 Summary
	References
6. Characterization of thermoplastic composites
	6.1 Introduction
	6.2 Fiber content
		6.2.1 Burn-off method
		6.2.2 Acid digestion method
		6.2.3 Carbonization method
		6.2.4 Microscopy method
	6.3 Fiber length distribution
		6.3.1 Burn-off and microscopy method
		6.3.2 Micro-CT method
	6.4 Fiber orientation distribution
		6.4.1 Micro-CT method
		6.4.2 Microscopy method
	6.5 Void content
		6.5.1 Density method
		6.5.2 Microscopy method
		6.5.3 Micro-CT method
	6.6 Thermal properties
		6.6.1 Glass transition temperature
		6.6.2 Heat deflection temperature
		6.6.3 Melting temperature
		6.6.4 Crystallization temperature
		6.6.5 Thermal degradation temperature
	6.7 Crystallinity of matrix
		6.7.1 DSC method
		6.7.2 Polarized light microscopy method
		6.7.3 X-Ray diffraction method
	6.8 Rheology
		6.8.1 Rheometry
		6.8.2 Squeeze flow
	6.9 Fiber and matrix interface
		6.9.1 Scanning electron microscopy
		6.9.2 Micromechanical test
	6.10 Summary
	References
7. Micromechanics and macromechanics of thermoplastic composites
	7.1 Introduction
	7.2 Micromechanics of thermoplastic composite
		7.2.1 Rule of mixture
			7.2.1.1 Elastic modulus
			7.2.1.2 Poisson’s ratio Vxy
			7.2.1.3 Shear modulus Gxy
		7.2.2 Halpin–Tsai equations
	7.3 Macromechanics of thermoplastic composite
		7.3.1 Isotropy and anisotropy of thermoplastic composites
		7.3.2 Generalized Hooke’s law
		7.3.3 Off-axis lamina
		7.3.4 Classical lamination theory (CLT)
	7.4 Summary
	References
8. Recycling of thermoplastic composites
	8.1 Introduction
	8.2 Mechanical recycling
		8.2.1 Shredding, grinding, or milling
		8.2.2 Electrodynamical fragmentation
		8.2.3 Remolding
	8.3 Chemical recycling
	8.4 Thermal recycling
	8.5 Properties of recycled fiber
	8.6 Summary
	References
Index