Recurrent Pregnancy Loss-Causes, Controversies and Treatment

Part I: Basic Principles
1 The Epidemiology of Recurrent Pregnancy Loss
Ole B. Christiansen
2 The Signaling between Embryo and Mother as a Basis for the Development of Tolerance
Eytan R. Barnea 
3 Recurrent Pregnancy Loss: From Evidence-Based to Personalized Medicine
Howard J.A. Carp 
Part II: Etiology
4 The Genetics of Spontaneous Abortions 
Joe Leigh Simpson
5 The Endometrial Factor in Recurrent Pregnancy Loss
Luiza Borges Manna and Ying Cheong
6 Fetal Structural Malformations and Recurrent Pregnancy Loss
Howard J.A. Carp, Tomas Philipp, Micha Baum, and Michal Berkenstadt
7 The Endocrinology of Recurrent Pregnancy Loss 
Nicola Pluchinoi, Serena Bellaminutti, Panagiotis Drakopoulos, Antonis Makrigiannakis, and Andrea R Genazzani
8 The Etiology of the Antiphospholipid Syndrome 
Sara De Carolis, Giuseppina Monteleone, Rotem Inbar, Cristina Garufi, Miri Blank, and Yehuda Shoenfeld 
9 Defects in Coagulation Factors Leading to Recurrent Pregnancy Loss
Aida Inbal and Howard J.A. Carp 
10 The Immunobiology of Recurrent Miscarriage 
Marighoula Varla-Leftherioti. Theodora Keramitsoglou, and Christina Tsekoura
11 Immune Testing in Recurrent Pregnancy Loss
Jeffrey Braverman, Darren Ritsick, and Nadera Mansouri-Attia
12 Uterine Anomalies andRecurrent Pregnancy Loss
Daniel S. Seidman and Mordechai Goldenberg 
13 The Male Factor in Recurrent Pregnancy Loss 
Catherine F. Ingram, Nannan Thirumavalavan, Marc Goldstein, and Delores J. Lamb 
Part III: The Developing Pregnancy
14 Ultrasound Follow-Up in Early Pregnancy
Akhila Vasudeva and Pratap Kumar
15 Threatened Miscarriage and Recurrent Pregnancy Loss
Howard J.A. Carp 
16 The Role of Cerclage and Pessaries
Israel Hendler and Howard J.A. Carp 
17 What Genetic Screening Is Appropriate in Recurrent Pregnancy Loss?
Howard Cuckle
18 Obstetric Outcomes after Recurrent Pregnancy Loss
Rakefet Yoeli-Ullman, Howard J.A. Carp, and Shali Mazaki-Tovi
Part IV: Management
19 Investigation Protocol for Recurrent Pregnancy Loss
Howard J.A. Carp
20 Debate: Should Progestogens Be Used in Recurrent Pregnancy Loss? Yes 
Ashok Kumar and Simar Kaur
21 Debate: Should Progestogens Be Used in Recurrent Pregnancy Loss? No 
Roy Mashiach
22 Human Chorionic Gonadotropin Supplementationin Recurrent Pregnancy Loss
Carlo Ticconi, Adalgisa Pietropolli, and C.V. Rao
23 Antiphospholipid Syndrome: Management of the Obstetric Patient
Ashley E. Benson and D. Ware Branch
24 Can Recurrent Pregnancy Loss Be Prevented by Antithrombotic Agents?
Audrey A. Merriam and Michael J. Paidas
25 Empirical In Vitro Fertilization for Recurrent Pregnancy Loss: Is It a Valid Concept?
Michal Kirshenbam and Raoul Orvieto
26 Debate: Should PGT-A Still Be Performed in Recurrent Pregnancy Loss? Yes
Carmen M. Garcia-Pascual, Pilar Lopez, Nasser Al-Asmar, Pere Mir, Lorena Rodrigo, Carlos Simon, and Carmen Rubio
27 Debate: Should PGT-A Still Be Performed in Recurrent Pregnancy Loss? No 
Raoul Orvieto and Norbert Gleicher
28 Third Party Reproduction in Recurrent Pregnancy Loss
Gautam Nand Allahbadia, Rubina Merchant, Akanksha Allahbadia Gupta, and A.H. Maham
Part V: Immunotherapy
29 Immunotherapy for Recurrent Pregnancy Loss 
Salim Daya
30 IVIg treatment for Recurrent Pregnancy Loss
Carolyn B. Coulam
31 The Role of Filgrastrim
Fabio Scarpellini and Marco Sbracia
32 Opinion: Immunotherapy Has No Place in the Treatment of Recurrent Pregnancy 
Loss
Micha Baum