Recognition and Alleviation of Pain and Distress in Laboratory Animals

Title
......Page 2
Copyright......Page 3
Preface......Page 10
Contents......Page 14
1 Introduction......Page 20
GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS OF THE BIOLOGIC IMPORTANCE OF PAIN, STRESS, AND DISTRESS......Page 21
DEFINITIONS......Page 22
STRESSORS......Page 24
DISTRESS NOT INDUCED BY PAIN......Page 26
DISTRESS INDUCED BY PAIN......Page 27
PERIPHERAL MECHANISMS OF NOCICEPTION......Page 29
MEDIATORS OF INFLAMMATION AND PAIN......Page 30
DORSAL HORN NOCICEPTIVE MECHANISMS......Page 31
THALAMOCORTICAL MECHANISMS......Page 33
DESCENDING CONTROL MECHANISMS......Page 34
INTRODUCTION......Page 36
ECOLOGY AND THE CAPTIVE ENVIRONMENT......Page 38
Social Space......Page 39
Deprivation......Page 40
PREDATOR-PREY AND DEFENSIVE RELATIONSHIPS......Page 42
SHELTER......Page 43
SPATIAL ARCHITECTURE......Page 44
Response to Novel Foods......Page 45
Transition from Milk to Solid Foods......Page 46
ENVIRONMENTAL EVENTS......Page 47
RESEARCH APPROACHES......Page 49
RECOGNITION AND ASSESSMENT OF PAIN......Page 51
CLINICAL APPROACHES TO THE ASSESSMENT OF PAIN......Page 52
Assessing Vocalizations......Page 53
Acute Pain......Page 54
Classification of Procedures Likely to Cause Pain......Page 55
SPECIES-TYPICAL SIGNS......Page 56
Nonhuman Primates......Page 60
Rabbits......Page 61
Cattle......Page 62
Reptiles......Page 63
RECOGNITION AND ASSESSMENT OF STRESS AND DISTRESS......Page 64
DIAGNOSIS OF STRESS AND DISTRESS......Page 65
Assessing the Environment......Page 66
Assessing Behavior......Page 67
PHYSIOLOGIC AND BIOCHEMICAL INDICATORS OF PAIN AND STRESS......Page 69
PHARMACOLOGIC ASSESSMENT OF DISTRESS......Page 71
5 Control of Pain......Page 72
PHARMACOLOGIC CONTROL OF PAIN......Page 75
GENERAL ANESTHESIA......Page 76
Inhalational Anesthesia......Page 77
Intravenous Anesthesia......Page 79
Pharmacologic Effects......Page 80
Dose Recommendations (Table 5-3)......Page 81
Common Example......Page 82
Pharmacologic Effects......Page 83
Dose Recommendations (Tables 5-4 and 5-5)......Page 84
Clinical Use......Page 87
Common Examples......Page 88
Clinical Use......Page 89
Pharmacologic Effects......Page 90
Dose Recommendations (Table 5-7)......Page 91
Common Examples......Page 94
Pharmacologic Effects......Page 95
Urethane......Page 97
Use of Skeletal Muscle Relaxants......Page 98
Neonatal and Fetal Surgery......Page 101
TONIC IMMOBILITY......Page 102
ACUPUNCTURE......Page 103
6 Control of Stress and Distress......Page 104
Clinical Use......Page 105
Pharmacologic Effects......Page 106
Dose Recommendations (Table 6-1)......Page 107
Clinical Use......Page 108
Clinical Uses......Page 109
Dose Recommendations (Tables 5-4, 5-5, and 6-2)......Page 110
HUSBANDRY AND MANAGEMENT PRACTICES......Page 112
Relationships with Conspecifics......Page 114
Spatial Architecture (Volume, Structure, and Topography)......Page 115
Environmental Events......Page 116
SOCIALIZATION AND HANDLING......Page 117
ENVIRONMENTAL ENRICHMENT......Page 118
EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN......Page 119
EUTHANASIA AS AN OPTION FOR ALLEVIATION OF PAIN......Page 121
WHEN TO PERFORM EUTHANASIA......Page 122
RESEARCH CONSIDERATIONS......Page 123
SELECTION OF EUTHANATIZING AGENTS AND METHODS......Page 124
Inhalational Agents......Page 126
Carbon Dioxide......Page 127
Stunning......Page 128
Microwave Irradiation......Page 129
Barbituric Acid Derivatives......Page 130
RECOMMENDATIONS FOR SPECIFIC ANIMALS......Page 131
LABORATORY RODENTS......Page 133
AMPHIBIANS, FISH, AND REPTILES......Page 134
References......Page 136
Index......Page 150