Recent Trends in Mechatronics Towards Industry 4.0: Selected Articles from iM3F 2020, Malaysia

Preface
Contents
Hybrid Manta Ray Foraging—Particle Swarm Algorithm for PD Control Optimization of an Inverted Pendulum
	1 Introduction
	2 Manta Ray Foraging Algorithm
	3 Hybrid Manta Ray Foraging—Particle Swarm Algorithm
	4 Benchmark Functions Test
	5 Inverted Pendulum System
		5.1 PD Control for Inverted Pendulum System
	6 Result and Discussion
		6.1 Result of the Benchmark Functions Test
		6.2 Performance of the MRFPSO-PD Controller
	7 Conclusion
	References
Multi-objective Particle Swarm Optimization with Alternate Learning Strategies
	1 Introduction
	2 Mopsoals
		2.1 Construction of External Archive
		2.2 Current Swarm Evolution of MOPSOALS
		2.3 Memory Swarm Evolution of MOPSOALS
		2.4 Archive Controller of MOPSOALS
		2.5 The Complete MOPSOALS Algorithm
	3 Performance Evaluation
		3.1 Simulation Settings
		3.2 Performance Comparisons
	4 Conclusions
	References
Self-directed Mobile Robot Path Finding in Static Indoor Environment by Explicit Group Modified AOR Iteration
	1 Introduction
	2 Related Studies
	3 Laplacian Potentials
	4 Explicit Group Modified Accelerated Over-Relaxation (EGMAOR) Iterative Scheme
	5 Results and Discussion
	6 Conclusion and Future Works
	References
Position and Swing Angle Control of Nonlinear Gantry Crane System
	1 Introduction
	2 RBF Supervised PID Controller
	3 Simulation Results
		3.1 Position Control
		3.2 Swing Angle Control
	4 Conclusion
	References
The Classification of Heartbeat PCG Signals via Transfer Learning
	1 Introduction
	2 Methodology
		2.1 Data Acquisition
		2.2 Signal Representation
		2.3 Model Development via Transfer Learning
	3 Result and Discussion
	4 Conclusion
	References
The Classification of Wink-Based EEG Signals: An Evaluation of Different Transfer Learning Models for Feature Extraction
	1 Introduction
	2 Methods
		2.1 Signal Acquisition Device
		2.2 Subjects
		2.3 Experimental Setup
		2.4 Signal Processing
		2.5 Classification
	3 Result and Discussion
	4 Conclusion
	References
Development of Polymer-Based Y-Branch Symmetric Waveguide Coupler Using Soft Lithography Technique
	1 Introduction
	2 Device Design
	3 Materials and Methodology
	4 Testing and Discussion
	5 Conclusions
	References
Hybrid Flow Shop Scheduling with Energy Consumption in Machine Shop Using Moth Flame Optimization
	1 Introduction
	2 Case Study
	3 Moth Flame Optimization
	4 Optimization Results
	5 Conclusion
	References
Sustainability of Fertigation in Agricultural Crop Production by IoT System: A Review
	1 Introduction
	2 Application of Fertigation Technique in Crops
		2.1 Concept and System Design on Fertigation Technique
		2.2 Fertilizer in Various Crops
	3 Overview of Internet of Things (IoT) in Agriculture
		3.1 Architecture of IoT
		3.2 Application of IoT as Monitoring System in Agriculture
	4 Limitation and Challenge
	References
DSRC Technology in Vehicle-to-Vehicle (V2V) and Vehicle-to-Infrastructure (V2I) IoT System for Intelligent Transportation System (ITS): A Review
	1 Introduction
	2 Dedicated Short Range Communication (DSRC)
	3 Implementation of DSRC in Research
	4 Conclusion
	References
Real-Time and Predictive Analytics of Air Quality with IoT System: A Review
	1 Impact of Air Pollution on the Health
	2 Applications of Internet of Things (IoT) in Air Pollution Monitoring System
	3 Machine Learning in Air Pollution Monitoring System
	4 Research Challenges
	References
Near-Infrared Spectroscopy for Ganoderma Boninense Detection: An Outlook
	1 Introduction
	2 Methods for Plant Diseases Detection
	3 Spectroscopy Techniques for Ganoderma Boninense Detection with Machine Learning Algorithms
	4 NIRS for Plant Diseases Detection with Machine Learning Algorithms
	5 Conclusion
	References
Investigation of Features for Classification RFID Reading Between Two RFID Reader in Various Support Vector Machine Kernel Function
	1 Introduction
	2 RFID Principle
		2.1 Data Extraction
		2.2 Support Vector Machine
	3 Result and Discussion
	4 Conclusion
	References
Modeling and Analyzing of Traveling Wave Gait of Modular Snake Robot
	1 Introduction
	2 Serpenoid Curve
	3 Kinematic of Snake Robot
	4 Dynamic Model of the Robot
	5 Ground Friction Model
	6 Simulation Result
	7 Conclusion
	References
Use of Artificial Neural Network for Analyzing the Contributions of Some Kinematic Parameters in the Polishing Process of Porcelain Tiles
	1 Introduction
	2 The Polishing Process of Porcelain Tiles
	3 Method
	4 Results and Discussion
	5 Conclusions
	References
Magnetorheological Damper Control for Semi-active Suspension System Using Skyhook-Differential Evolution
	1 Introduction
	2 MR Damper System
		2.1 Experimental Work
		2.2 MR Damper Parametric Modelling
	3 Controller Design and Optimization
		3.1 Differential Evolution Algorithm
	4 Result and Discussion
	5 Conclusion
	References
PID Controller Based on Flower Pollination Algorithm of Flexible Beam System
	1 Introduction
	2 Experimental Setup and Data Collection
	3 Flower Pollination Algorithm
	4 Active Vibration Control
	5 Result and Discussion
		5.1 Modelling Using Flower Pollination Algorithm (FPA)
		5.2 PID Controller Tuned by Heuristic Method
	6 Conclusion
	References
An Ultraviolet C Light-Emitting Robot Design for Disinfection in the Operating Room
	1 Introduction
	2 Background
		2.1 Ultraviolet Disinfection
		2.2 Modeling of UV Dose
	3 Methods
		3.1 Design of UV Robot
		3.2 Exposure-Distance Calculation For UV Disinfection
	4 Results and Discussion
		4.1 UV Disinfection Robot
		4.2 Disinfection Test
	5 Conclusions and Perspectives
	Appendix 1. Electrical Wiring Diagram
	References
Experimental of Multi-holes Drilling Toolpath Using Particle Swarm Optimization and CAD-CAM Software on PCB
	1 Introduction
	2 Methodology
		2.1 Particle Swarm Optimization
		2.2 Experimental Design
	3 Results and Discussions
	4 Conclusions
	References
Parameter Identification of Horizontal Flexible Plate System Using Cuckoo Search Algorithm
	1 Introduction
	2 Experimental Setup for Vibration Data Collection
	3 Cuckoo Search Algorithm
	4 Result and Discussion
	5 Conclusion
	References
Bearing Fault Detection Using Discrete Wavelet Transform and Partitioning Around Medoids Methods
	1 Introduction
	2 Bearing
	3 Wavelet Transform
	4 Partitioning Around Medoids
	5 Results and Discussion
	6 Conclusion
	References
The Implementation of a Novel Augmented Reality (AR) Based Mobile Application on Open Platform Controller for CNC Machining Operation
	1 Introduction
	2 Development of UOCC Mobile Application
		2.1 Algorithm Design of UOCC AR Application
		2.2 GUI of AR in UOCC Mobile Application
	3 Conclusion
	References
Firefly Algorithm for Modeling of Flexible Manipulator System
	1 Introduction
	2 Experimental Setup and Data Acquisition
	3 Firefly Algorithm (FA)
	4 System Identification
	5 Results and Discussions
		5.1 Modeling Using Firefly Algorithm (FA)
		5.2 Modeling Using Least Square (LS) Algorithm
		5.3 Comparative Assessment
	6 Conclusion
	References
Cubic Spline Interpolations in CNC Machining
	1 Introduction on Interpolation
	2 Rationale for Spline Interpolation in CNC
	3 Properties and Implementation of Cubic Spline Interpolation
	4 Results of Implementation
	5 Conclusion
	References
Modified Particle Swarm Optimization with Unique Self-cognitive Learning for Global Optimization Problems
	1 Introduction
	2 MPSO-USCL
		2.1 Construction of Exemplar with USCL Module
		2.2 Complete Framework of MPSO-USCL
	3 Performance Analysis of Proposed Algorithm
		3.1 Simulation Settings
		3.2 Comparison of Mean Fitness Results
	4 Conclusions
	References
The Role of 3D-Technologies in Humanoid Robotics: A Systematic Review for 3D-Printing in Modern Social Robots
	1 Introduction
		1.1 The Definition and Characteristics of 3D-Printing in Modern Social Robots
		1.2 Research Methodology
	2 The History of the Use of 3D-Printing in Modern Social Robots
		2.1 3D-Printing and Humanoid Robots
		2.2 3D-Printing and Social Robot Models
		2.3 3D-Printing and Hybrid Robot Projects
		2.4 3D-Printing Social Robot Auxiliaries
	3 Conclusion
	References
A Survey on the Contributions of 3D Printing to Robotics Education—A Decade Review
	1 Introduction
	2 Robot Education
		2.1 Robotics Education in Pedagogical Settings
		2.2 Some Regions of Active Robotic Education
	3 3D Printing
		3.1 3D Printed Robot Parts
		3.2 Some Contributions of 3D Printing to Education
	4 Contributions of 3D Printing to Robotics Education
		4.1 Challenges and Future Trend
	5 Conclusion
	References
H∞ Filter with Fuzzy Logic Estimation to Refrain Finite Escape Time
	1 Introduction
	2 Proposed Technique
		2.1 SLAM General Model
		2.2 H∞ Filter Algorithm
		2.3 Fuzzy Logic Design in HF
	3 Simulation Result and Discussion
	4 Conclusions
	References
The Identification of Significant Mechanomyography Time-Domain Features for the Classification of Knee Motion
	1 Introduction
	2 Methods
	3 Results and Discussion
	4 Conclusion
	References
Parameter Estimation of Lorenz Attractor: A Combined Deep Neural Network and K-Means Clustering Approach
	1 Introduction
	2 Related Works
	3 Methodology
		3.1 Deep Neural Network (DNN) Architecture
		3.2 K-Means Clustering Algorithm
		3.3 A Combined Deep Neural Network (DNN) and K-Means Clustering Algorithm
	4 Result and Discussions
	5 Conclusion
	References
Design and Performance Analysis of Body Worn Textile Antenna Using 100% Polyester at 2.4 GHz for Wireless Applications
	1 Introduction
	2 Methodology
		2.1 Wearable Antenna Material
		2.2 Design Specification of Proposed Antenna
		2.3 Antenna Dimension
	3 Results and Discussion
		3.1 Reflection Coefficient and Bandwidth
		3.2 Voltage Standing Wave Ratio (VSWR)
		3.3 Gain
	4 Conclusion
	References
Simulation on Circularly Polarization Cotton Textile Antenna for Wireless Communication System
	1 Introduction
	2 Methodology
	3 Results and Discussion
	4 Conclusion
	References
Development of a 6-DOF 3D Printed Industrial Robot for Teaching and Learning
	1 Introduction
	2 The Robotic Arm Modelling
		2.1 Modelling of Robotic Arm
		2.2 Forward Kinematics
		2.3 Inverse Kinematics
	3 Materials and Method
		3.1 Materials
		3.2 Equipment
		3.3 Software
		3.4 3D Printed Parts
		3.5 Electronics and Electrical Connection
	4 Results and Discussion
		4.1 Joint Accuracy
		4.2 Pick and Place Experiment
	5 Conclusion and Future Work
	References
Mathematical Model for Planar Reflectarray Antenna Design
	1 Introduction
	2 General Progressive Phase Distribution and the Proposed Model
	3 Implementation of the Proposed Mathematical Model
	4 Progressive Phase Distribution in the Array Environment
	5 Conclusion
	References
Broadband Reflectarray Antenna Based on Highly Conductive Graphene
	1 Introduction
	2 Conductivity of Graphene
	3 Fabrication of Graphene Based Reflectarray Antenna
	4 Scattering Parameter Measurements
	5 Conclusion
	References
Stability Derivative Identification Using Adaptive Robust Extended Kalman Filter for Multirotor Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (M-UAV)
	1 Introduction
	2 Methodology
		2.1 Robust Mathematical Model of M-UAV
		2.2 Robust Adaptive System Identification
		2.3 Evaluation and Analysis of Recorded Flight Test Data
	3 Result and Discussion
	4 Conclusion
	References
A Novel BiGRUBiLSTM Model for Multilevel Sentiment Analysis Using Deep Neural Network with BiGRU-BiLSTM
	1 Introduction
	2 Related Works
	3 Methodology
		3.1 Text Embedding
		3.2 Learning Model
		3.3 Overall Structure of BiGRU-BiLSTM Model
		3.4 Pseudocode for Proposed Algorithm
		3.5 Evaluation
		3.6 Data Information
	4 Experimental Result
	5 Conclusion
	References
A Comparative Study on Nonlinear Control of Induced Sit-to-Stand in Paraplegia with Human Mass Variation
	1 Introduction
	2 Methodology
	3 Obtained Results
		3.1 Results Without Changes
		3.2 Results with Mass Changes
	4 Discussion of Results
	5 Conclusion
	References
The Study of Time Domain Features of EMG Signals for Detecting Driver’s Drowsiness
	1 Introduction
	2 Methodology
		2.1 Experimental Setup
		2.2 Feature Extractions
		2.3 Classifications
	3 Results and Discussion
		3.1 Data
		3.2 Time Domain Features
		3.3 Classification
	4 Conclusions
	References
The Classification of Skateboarding Tricks by Means of the Integration of Transfer Learning Models and K-Nearest Neighbors
	1 Introduction
	2 Methodology
		2.1 Experimental Setup
		2.2 Data Collection
		2.3 Image Processing
		2.4 Feature Extraction Through Transfer Learning
		2.5 Classifiers
	3 Results and Discussion
	4 Conclusion
	References
An Improved Grey Wolf Optimizer with Hyperbolic Tangent Updating Mechanism for Solving Optimization Problems
	1 Introduction
	2 Overview of Grey Wolf Optimizer (GWO)
	3 Improved Grey Wolf Optimizer (IGWO)
	4 Experimental Results and Discussion
	5 Conclusion
	References
Non-dominated Sorting Manta Ray Foraging Algorithm with an Application to Optimize PD Control
	1 Introduction
	2 Inverted Pendulum System
	3 Multi-objective Manta Ray Foraging Optimization Algorithm (NSMRFO)
		3.1 Manta Ray Foraging Optimization (MRFO)
		3.2 Fast Elitist Non-dominated Sorting Genetic Algorithm (NSGAII)
		3.3 Non-dominated Sorting Manta Ray Foraging Optimization
	4 Performance Test with Benchmark Functions
	5 Application to Optimize PD-Controller
	6 Result and Discussion
	7 Conclusion
	References
Review on Effects of Adverse Sonic Environment in Hospital and Control Solutions
	1 Introduction
	2 Effects of Noise
		2.1 Noise Induced Hearing Loss (NIHL)
		2.2 Health Effects and Sleep Disturbance
		2.3 Speech Interference and Privacy
	3 Sources of Noise
	4 Noise Controls
		4.1 Human Activities
		4.2 Equipment
		4.3 Reverberation
		4.4 Partition and Space Planning
		4.5 Noise Masking
		4.6 Outdoor Noise
	5 Conclusion
	References
Evaluation of the Convolutional Neural Network’s Performance in Classifying Steel Strip’s Surface Defects
	1 Introduction
	2 Related Works
		2.1 Artificial Neural Network
		2.2 Convolutional Neural Network
		2.3 Classification of Surface Defects
	3 Methods
		3.1 Software and Hardware
		3.2 Dataset
		3.3 Hyperparameters Optimization
		3.4 Structure of the CNN
	4 Results and Discussion
		4.1 Number of Epochs
		4.2 Number of Convolution Layers
		4.3 Batch Size
		4.4 Input Image Size
		4.5 Kernel Size
	5 Conclusion
	References
Investigation of Time-Domain and Frequency-Domain Based Features to Classify the EEG Auditory Evoked Potentials (AEPs) Responses
	1 Introduction
	2 Methodology
		2.1 Details About Experimental Data
		2.2 Data Preprocessing
		2.3 Feature Extraction
	3 Classification
		3.1 Support Vector Machine (SVM)
		3.2 Linear Discriminant Analysis (LDA)
		3.3 K-Nearest Neighbors (K-NN)
		3.4 The Performance Measure
	4 Results and Discussion
	5 Conclusion
	References
Suppression of Tremors in Parkinson’s Patients Using a Dynamic Vibration Absorber
	1 Introduction
	2 Vibration Suppression of Tremors Utilizing Self-tuneable DVA
		2.1 Dynamic Vibration Absorber (DVA)
		2.2 Mathematical Modelling of the DVA
	3 Self-tunable DVA-Experimental Investigation
		3.1 Experimental Setup
		3.2 Experimental Results and Discussion
	4 Conclusion
	References
Design of Condition Monitoring System on Stairlift Based on Internet of Things (IoT) for Physical Data Acquisition Using Multi Sensors
	1 Introduction
	2 Methods
		2.1 Internet of Things on the Stairlift
	3 Result and Discussion
		3.1 Implementation of Prototype Multi Sensor with ESP32 Microcontroller (Perception Layer)
		3.2 Implementation of Design Physical Data Transmission Multi Sensors Using Wifi Modem (Network Layer)
		3.3 Implementation of Interface Based on Platform Thingspeak (Application Layer)
		3.4 Implementation of the Early Warning System (EWS) via Telegram
		3.5 Discussion of Physical Data Acquisition Results on Stairlift
	4 Conclusions
	References
Non-vibrate Palm Oil Tree Harvesting Cutter Using DC Motor
	1 Introduction
	2 Preliminary Design
		2.1 Prototype Fabrication
		2.2 Experimental Set-up
	3 Results and Discussion
		3.1 Vibration Test
	4 Conclusion
	References
Feasibility Study of CO, CO2, NO2, and O2 Sensors for Hazardous Gas Detection System in Vehicle Cabin
	1 Introduction
	2 Materials and Methods
		2.1 Sensing
		2.2 Sensor Calibration
		2.3 Experimental
	3 Results
		3.1 Exhaust Pipe
		3.2 Vehicle Cabin
	4 Discussions
	5 Conclusion
	References
Impact Analysis of Harassment Against Women in Bangladesh Using Machine Learning Approaches
	1 Introduction
		1.1 Objective of the Study
	2 Data Collection
		2.1 Sampling Data Set
	3 Proposed Method
		3.1 A Priori Algorithm-Based Classification
	4 Experimental Works
		4.1 Association Rule
	5 Experimental Results and Discussions
	6 Conclusion
	References
Fuzzy Logic Controller Optimized by MABSA for DC Servo Motor on Physical Experiment
	1 Introduction
	2 Methodology
	3 Results and Discussion
		3.1 Cases When Without FLC Is Used as the Reference Point
		3.2 Cases When with FLC Only Is Used as the Reference Point
	4 Conclusion
	References
Effect of Different Signal Weighting Function of Magnetic Field Using KNN for Indoor Localization
	1 Introduction
	2 Magnetic Fingerprint-Based Map
		2.1 Nearest Neighbor Technique
		2.2 Weighted MF Signal Distance Similarity Measure Techniques
	3 Experimental Data and Mapping
	4 Experimental Results and Analysis
		4.1 Comparison with Multiple Distance
		4.2 Results of Different Signal Weighting Function for Each MF Signal
	5 Conclusion
	References
The Classification of Electrooculogram (EOG) Through the Application of Linear Discriminant Analysis (LDA) of Selected Time-Domain Signals
	1 Introduction
	2 Methodology
		2.1 EOG Data Collection
		2.2 Feature Extraction
		2.3 Classification: Linear Discriminant Analysis (LDA)
		2.4 Performance Evaluation
	3 Result and Discussion
	4 Conclusion
	References
Experimental Study of the Effect of Vehicle Velocity on the Ride Comfort of a Car on a Road with Different Types of Roughness
	1 Introduction
	2 Experimental Procedure
	3 Results and Discussion
	4 Conclusion
	References
Performance Evaluation of BPSO & PCA as Feature Reduction Techniques for Bearing Fault Diagnosis
	1 Introduction
	2 Theoretical Background
		2.1 PCA
		2.2 PSO
		2.3 K-Nearest Neighbours
	3 Data Collection
	4 Feature Extraction
	5 Feature Reduction
		5.1 Feature Reduction Using PCA
		5.2 Feature Reduction Using BPSO
		5.3 K-NN Modelling
	6 Results and Discussion
		6.1 Implementation of K-NN on the Raw Feature Set Without Feature Reduction
		6.2 Implementation of PCA
		6.3 Implementation of BPSO
	7 Conclusion
	References
A Study on Different Techniques in ALPR System: The Systems Performance Analysis
	1 Introduction
		1.1 License Plate Localization
		1.2 Character Recognition
	2 Related Work
		2.1 Review for License Plate Localization Using Template Matching, Harris Corner, Haar and LBP Algorithms
		2.2 Review for License Plate Recognition Using Template Matching, OCR-Based Method and Deep Learning
		2.3 Review Summary
	3 Conclusion
	References
Disturbance Rejection Performance Evaluation of GA Optimized PI Controller for Brushed DC Motor for Cart Follower Application
	1 Introduction
	2 Methodology
		2.1 PI Controller Architecture
		2.2 Genetic Algorithm Optimization
		2.3 Disturbance Rejection Performance Evaluation—Simulation
		2.4 Disturbance Rejection Performance Evaluation—Experiment
	3 Results and Discussion
		3.1 Step Response Performance
		3.2 Disturbance Rejection Performance
	4 Conclusion
	References
Localised Muscle Contraction Predictor for Steering Wheel Operation in Simulated Condition
	1 Introduction
		1.1 Driving Task and Its Effect
		1.2 Assessment on Driver’s Condition in Steering Wheel Operation
		1.3 Localised Muscle in Steering Wheel Operation
		1.4 Relationship Between SEMG and Anthropometric Body Measurement in Steering Wheel Operation
	2 Materials and Methods
		2.1 Sampling
		2.2 Equipment Setup
		2.3 Experiment Design and Procedure
		2.4 Muscle Contraction Analysis
		2.5 Statistical Analysis
	3 Results
		3.1 Pattern of Muscle Contraction
		3.2 Relationship Between Muscle Contraction Measurement and Anthropometric Body Measurement
	4 Discussion
	5 Conclusion
	References
Experimental of CVT Ratio Control Using Single Actuator Double Acting Electro-mechanical Continuously Variable Transmission
	1 Introduction
	2 Description of SADAEM CVT System
	3 Results and Discussion
	4 Conclusion
	References
A Summarization of Image and Video Databases for Emotion Recognition
	1 Introduction
	2 Elicitation Methods of Image/Video Data
		2.1 Presented
		2.2 Actuated
		2.3 Unconstrained
	3 Categories of Emotion
	4 Image and Video Databases for Emotion Recognition
		4.1 Image Databases for Emotion Recognition
		4.2 Video Databases for Emotion Recognition
	5 Conclusions
	References
Speech Emotion Recognition Using Feature Fusion of TEO and MFCC on Multilingual Databases
	1 Introduction
	2 Speech Emotion Recognition
		2.1 Mel-Frequency Cepstral Coefficients
		2.2 Teager Energy Operator
		2.3 The Fusion of TEO and MFCC (TMFCC)
		2.4 Deep Neural Network Classifier
	3 Results and Discussion
		3.1 Experimental Setup and Database
		3.2 Experiments on DNN Structures
	4 Conclusions
	References
Normal Forces Effects of a Two In-Wheel Electric Vehicle Towards the Human Body
	1 Introduction
	2 Human-Vehicle Model
	3 Conclusion
	References
On the Effect of Feature Compression on Speech Emotion Recognition Across Multiple Languages
	1 Introduction
	2 Related Works
	3 Proposed Speech Emotion Recognition System
	4 Results and Discussion
		4.1 Speech Emotion Recognition Using AMFCC Across Languages
		4.2 Speech Emotion Recognition Using Voice Activity Detection
		4.3 Cross-Language Speech Emotion Recognition
		4.4 Multilingual Speech Emotion Recognition Model
	5 Conclusions and Future Works
	References
Real-Time Power Quality Disturbance Classification Using Convolutional Neural Networks
	1 Introduction
	2 Power Quality Disturbance
	3 CNN Architecture and Experimental Setting
		3.1 CNN Architecture for PQD Classification
		3.2 Experimental Setup
	4 Experimental Results and Analysis
		4.1 Training Process
		4.2 Performance Evaluation
	5 Conclusions
	References
Power Quality Disturbance Classification Using Deep BiLSTM Architectures with Exponentially Decayed Number of Nodes in the Hidden Layers
	1 Introduction
	2 Electric Power Disturbance
	3 Deep BiLSTM Architectures for PQD Classification
		3.1 Pre-processing and Time-Frequency Based Feature Extraction
		3.2 Deep Bidirectional Long-Short Term Memory Architectures
	4 Experimental Results and Analysis
		4.1 Experimental Setup
		4.2 Experiments of Various Deep BiLSTM Architectures
		4.3 Experiment on the Optimum Configuration
	5 Conclusions
	References
Machine Vision and Convolutional Neural Networks for Tool Wear Identification and Classification
	1 Introduction
	2 Methodology
		2.1 Data Acquisition
		2.2 Data Pre-processing and Preparation
		2.3 Transfer Learning Using CNN and SVM
		2.4 Transfer Learning Using Fine-Tuned CNN Models
	3 Results and Discussion
		3.1 Comparison of CNN-SVM and Fine-Tuned CNN Models
		3.2 Misclassification
	4 Conclusion
	References
TOM: The Assistant Robotic Tutor of Musicianship with Sound Peak Beat Detection
	1 Motivation and Bibliometric Investigation of Robotic Musicianship
	2 Research Method and Design
	3 Robot Tom Design and Implementation
		3.1 The Design of an Assistant Robotic Tutor of Musicianship
		3.2 The Implementation of Assistant Robotic Tutor of Musicianship
	4 Reflection and Conclusion
	References
Investigation on Accuracy of Sensors in Sensor Fusion for Object Detection of Autonomous Vehicle Based on 2D Lidar and Ultrasonic Sensor
	1 Introduction
		1.1 Research Background
	2 Related Work
	3 Methodology
		3.1 Block Diagram
		3.2 Experiment Setup and Process
	4 Experimental Results
	5 Conclusion and Recommendation
	References
Decision Support System on Determination of Contraception Tools as an Effort to Suppress the Number of Growth Ratios in Indonesia
	1 Introduction
	2 Proposed Method
		2.1 Decision Support System
		2.2 Multi-objective Optimization Method on the Basis of Ratio Analysis (MOORA)
	3 Result and Discussion
	4 Conclusion
	References
K-Means Algorithm with Rapidminer in Clustering School Participation Rate in Indonesia
	1 Introduction
	2 Proposed Method
		2.1 K-Means
		2.2 Data Collection
		2.3 Data Processing
		2.4 Stage Analysis
	3 Results and Discussion
		3.1 Centroid Data
		3.2 Clustering Data
		3.3 Clustering Results with Rapidminer
	4 Conclusion and Recommendation
	References
Investigation on Integration of Sensors and Vision-Based Vehicle Detection System for Autonomous Vehicle
	1 Introduction
	2 Related Work
	3 Methodology
		3.1 Block Diagram
		3.2 Flow Chart
		3.3 Experiment Setup and Process
	4 Results
	5 Conclusion and Recommendation
	References
Study of Linear-Correlation Based Solar Irradiance Measurement Device Photovoltaic Application
	1 Introduction
	2 Overall Scheme Design
		2.1 System Design and Configuration
		2.2 Software
		2.3 Hardware Development
	3 Experimental Setup
		3.1 Experiment 1
		3.2 Experiment 2
	4 Conclusion
	References
3D Traffic Sign Detection Using Camera-LiDAR Projection
	1 Introduction
	2 Traffic Signs Detection
		2.1 Related Work
		2.2 Problem Statement
		2.3 Solution Approach
	3 Our Approach
		3.1 2D Image Traffic Sign Detection
		3.2 3D Point Cloud Extraction
	4 Evaluation
	5 Conclusion
	References
Development of Physiotherapy-Treadmill (PhyMill) as Rehabilitation Technology Tools for Kid with Cerebral Palsy
	1 Introduction
	2 Methodology
		2.1 Design and Development of PhyMill
		2.2 Automatic Control System
	3 Result and Discussion
	4 Conclusion
	References
Pediatrics Technology Applications: Enhance the Bilirubin Jaundice (BiliDice) Device for Neonates Using Color Sensor
	1 Introduction
	2 Methodology
		2.1 Design and Specification
		2.2 Materials and Specifications
		2.3 Principle Operation and Working
	3 Result and Discussion
		3.1 Operation and Working Principle
		3.2 Response for Jaundice and Non-Jaundice Data Analysis
		3.3 Validation of Features
	4 Conclusions
	References
A Supervised Learning Neural Network Approach for the Prediction of Supercapacitive Energy Storage Materials
	1 Introduction
	2 Proposed Solution and Methodology
	3 Results and Discussion
	4 Conclusions
	References
Two-Steps Approach of Localization in Humanoid Robot Soccer Competition
	1 Introduction
	2 Related Works
	3 Proposed Method
		3.1 Local Movement
		3.2 Correction
	4 Experiments
	5 Conclusion
	References
Evaluation of the Transfer Learning Models in Wafer Defects Classification
	1 Introduction
		1.1 Related Work
	2 Methodology
		2.1 Transfer Learning Model
		2.2 Hardware and Software
		2.3 Dataset
		2.4 Training and Testing
	3 Result and Discussion
	4 Conclusion
	References
Transitioning into a Deregulated Energy Market for Sabah: Strategies and Challenges for Generators
	1 Introduction
	2 Sabah’s Energy Outlook
		2.1 Background
		2.2 Generation Mix
		2.3 Deregulation and the Policy
	3 Methodology and Materials
		3.1 System Dynamics
	4 Modelling and Validation
		4.1 Backbone of Model
	5 Results and Discussion
		5.1 Scenarios and Results
	6 Conclusions and Future Work
	References
Rain Classification for Autonomous Vehicle Navigation Using Machine Learning
	1 Introduction
	2 Methodology
	3 Results and Discussions
	4 Conclusion
	References
Development of an Innovative Inferior Alveolar Nerve Block (IANB) Simulator Kit with Data Visualization and Internet of Things (IoT)
	1 Introduction
	2 Improvement of the Simulator Kit
	3 Development of Web Application
		3.1 3D IANB Visualization
		3.2 Database Management System
	4 Conclusion
	References
Optimization of CNG Direct Injector Parameters Using Model-Based Calibration Framework
	1 Introduction
	2 Methodology
		2.1 Design of Experiment
		2.2 Data-Driven Modeling
		2.3 Calibration Generation
		2.4 Verification
	3 Result
		3.1 MBC Model Fitting and CAGE Optimal Result
		3.2 MBC Optimization Verification Result
	4 Conclusion
	References
The Application of Modified Equipment in Retention of Motor Task Performance Amongst Children of Low and High Working Memory Capacity
	1 Introduction
	2 Methodology
		2.1 Participants
		2.2 Experimental Procedure
		2.3 Evaluation of the Skills
		2.4 Data Analysis
	3 Results and Discussion
	4 Conclusion
	References
Firefly Algorithm for Functional Link Neural Network Learning
	1 Background
	2 Standard Learning Algorithm of FLNN
	3 FLNN Training with Firefly Algorithm
	4 Experimentation and Results
	5 Conclusion
	References
Kinematic Variables Defining Performance of Basketball Free-Throw in Novice Children: An Information Gain and Logistic Regression Analysis
	1 Introduction
	2 Methodology
		2.1 Participants
		2.2 Kinematic Variables Measurement and Tasks Evaluation
		2.3 Features Identification via Information Gain Approach
		2.4 Application of the Logistic Regression Classifier
	3 Results and Discussion
	4 Conclusion
	References
The Identification of Significant Time-Domain Features for Wink-Based EEG Signals
	1 Introduction
	2 Methodology
		2.1 Data Acquisition and EEG Recording Device
		2.2 Subjects
		2.3 Experimental Setup
		2.4 Signal Preprocessing, Feature Extraction and Selection
		2.5 Classification
	3 Result and Discussion
	4 Conclusion
	References
Hyper-Heuristic Strategy for Input-Output-Based Interaction Testing
	1 Introduction
	2 Overview of Input-Output-Based (IOR) Interaction Testing
	3 Related Works
	4 Design of IORHH Strategy
		4.1 Low-Level Meta-Heuristic Operators
	5 Results and Evaluation
	6 Conclusion
	References
Forecasting Daily Travel Mode Choice of Kuantan Travellers by Means of Machine Learning Models
	1 Introduction
	2 Methodology
		2.1 Data Collection
		2.2 Data Collection and Pre-processing Phase
		2.3 Classifier
	3 Result and Discussion
		3.1 Results and Comparisons
	4 Conclusion
	References
The Classification of Hallucination: The Identification of Significant Time-Domain EEG Signals
	1 Introduction
	2 Methodology
		2.1 DAQ
		2.2 Participants
		2.3 Experimental Protocol
		2.4 Feature Extraction and Selection
		2.5 Classification
	3 Result and Discussion
	4 Conclusion
	References
The Classification of Blinking: An Evaluation of Significant Time-Domain Features
	1 Introduction
	2 Methods
	3 Result and Discussion
	4 Conclusion
	References
The Classification of Electrooculography Signals: A Significant Feature Identification via Mutual Information
	1 Introduction
	2 Methodology
		2.1 Data Acquisition and EOG Recording Device
		2.2 Experimental Protocol
		2.3 Signal Preprocessing and Feature Extraction
		2.4 Features Selection and Classification
	3 Result and Discussion
	4 Conclusion
	References
The Classification of Skateboarding Tricks: A Support Vector Machine Hyperparameter Evaluation Optimisation
	1 Introduction
	2 Methodology
		2.1 Instrumented IMU Device
		2.2 Data Collection
		2.3 Data Processing
		2.4 Machine Learning
	3 Results and Discussion
	4 Conclusion
	References