Recent Topics on Prevention, Diagnosis, and Clinical Management of Cervical Cancer (Comprehensive Gynecology and Obstetrics)

Contents
Part I: Pathogenesis and Epidemiology of Cervical Cancer
	1: Recent Topics of Human Papillomavirus and Cervical Cancer
		1.1	 Introduction
		1.2	 HPV and Cervical Cancer
		1.3	 Cervical Cancer and APOBEC3 Cytosine Deaminase
		1.4	 HPV Genomics and Evolution
		1.5	 HPV Cell Entry
		1.6	 HPV Replication and the Host DNA Damage Response
		1.7	 Novel Targets of E6/E7
		1.8	 HPV Integration
		1.9	 Future Directions
		References
	2: Recent Epidemiologic Trends in Cervical Cancer
		2.1	 Introduction
		2.2	 Worldwide Estimate of Incidence and Mortality of Cervical Cancer
			2.2.1	 Cervical Cancer Incidence and Mortality by the 4-Tier HDI
			2.2.2	 Cervical Cancer Incidence and Mortality by Geographical Region
			2.2.3	 Time Trends in Cervical Cancer Incidence and Mortality
		2.3	 Risk Factors for Cervical Cancer
			2.3.1	 Human Papillomavirus and Risk Factors for Cervical Cancer
			2.3.2	 Sexual Behavior and Cervical Cancer Risk
			2.3.3	 Immunosuppression and Cervical Cancer Risk
			2.3.4	 Other Sexually Transmitted Diseases and Cervical Cancer
			2.3.5	 Tobacco Smoking and Cervical Cancer Risk
			2.3.6	 Hormonal Factors and Cervical Cancer Risk
		2.4	 Conclusion
		References
	3: Topics of Histopathology and Cytology of Cervical Cancer and Screening
		3.1	 Squamous Cell Carcinoma (SCC), HPV (Human Papillomavirus)-Associated and HPV-Independent
			3.1.1	 Precursor of HPV-Associated SCCs
			3.1.2	 Cytology of SCCs and Precursors
			3.1.3	 Surrogate Markers and Ancillary Testing
		3.2	 Adenocarcinoma, HPV (Human Papillomavirus)-Associated and HPV-Independent
			3.2.1	 Adenocarcinoma In Situ (AIS), HPV-Associated
			3.2.2	 Invasive Adenocarcinoma, HPV-Associated
			3.2.3	 Adenocarcinoma, In Situ (AIS), HPV-Independent
			3.2.4	 Invasive Adenocarcinoma, HPV-Independent
			3.2.5	 Cytology
			3.2.6	 Surrogate Marker and Ancillary Testing
		3.3	 Reporting of Cervical Cancer
		References
Part II: Strategies of Cancer Screening and Prevention of Cervical Cancer
	4: Assessment and Management of Cervical Cancer Screening Programs in Japan
		4.1	 Purpose of Cancer Screening
		4.2	 Relationship Between Assessment and Management
			4.2.1	 Assessment: Assessing the Efficacy of Cancer Screening
			4.2.2	 Management: Required for Quality Control in Screening
		4.3	 Types of Cancer Screening and Quality Control: A Comparison of Population-Based Screening and Opportunistic Screening
			4.3.1	 Population-Based Screening
			4.3.2	 Opportunistic Screening
		4.4	 Quality Control of Cervical Cancer Screening in Population-Based Screening
			4.4.1	 Structural Indicators
			4.4.2	 Process Indicators
		4.5	 Quality Control of Opportunistic Screening (Management)
		4.6	 Cancer Screening Offered in the Workplace
		4.7	 Cervical Cancer Screening Using HPV Testing as a Cancer Screening Modality
		References
	5: Evidence and Implementation of HPV Vaccination
		5.1	 Prophylactic Vaccination Against Human Papillomavirus (HPV Vaccines)
			5.1.1	 Types of HPV Vaccines and Vaccination Schedules
			5.1.2	 Implementation of HPV Vaccines
		5.2	 Efficacy and Effectiveness of HPV Vaccines
			5.2.1	 Evidence from Clinical Trials
			5.2.2	 Real-World Data
		5.3	 Safety of HPV Vaccines
		5.4	 The WHO’s Cervical Cancer Elimination Strategy
		References
Part III: Diagnosis and Clinical Management of Cervical Intraepithelial Neoplasia (CIN)
	6: Diagnosis of Cervical Intraepithelial Neoplasia with Special Reference to Roles of Cervical Cytology and Colposcopy
		6.1	 Cytology
			6.1.1	 Significance of Cytology
			6.1.2	 Risk-Based Management
			6.1.3	 Significance of P16 Immunocytochemistry in ASC-US and LSIL Triage
			6.1.4	 Characteristics of Cytology in the Elderly Women
			6.1.5	 Screening and Management of Abnormal Cytology in Pregnancy
		6.2	 Colposcopy
			6.2.1	 The Role of Colposcopy
			6.2.2	 Characteristics of Colposcopic Findings
				6.2.2.1	 Normal Findings
			6.2.3	 Abnormal Findings
			6.2.4	 Associations Between Epithelial Thickness, Age, and HPVs
			6.2.5	 Taking More Biopsies to Increase Sensitivity
			6.2.6	 Benefits of a Colposcopy Grading System
			6.2.7	 Characteristic Colposcopic Findings According to CIN Classification
				6.2.7.1	 CIN1
				6.2.7.2	 CIN2
				6.2.7.3	 CIN3
			6.2.8	 Characteristic Colposcopy Observations in Pregnant Women
		References
	7: Clinical Management of CIN Including Recent Therapeutic Strategies
		7.1	 Current Treatments for CIN2/3 and Their Subjects
		7.2	 Development Status of Therapeutic Agents for CIN2/3
		7.3	 Host and Mucosal Immunity in the Cervix
		7.4	 Development of Therapeutic Agents Via Anti-HPV Mucosal Immunity
		7.5	 Future Prospects
		References
Part IV: Surgical Treatments of Cervical Cancer
	8: Surgical Treatment of Locally Advanced Cervical Cancer
		8.1	 Surgical Treatment for T1b-2b Cervical Cancer
		8.2	 Surgical Treatment for Special Histological Types (Gastric-Type Mucinous Adenocarcinoma and Small Cell Neuroendocrine Carcinoma)
		8.3	 Pelvic Exenteration for Stage IVA Cervical Cancer
		8.4	 Less-Invasive Surgery for Stage IB1 Cervical Cancer
		References
	9: Minimally Invasive Surgery for Cervical Cancer
		9.1	 Introduction
		9.2	 The Laparoscopic Approach to Cervical Cancer (LACC) Trial
		9.3	 Reasons for Worse Outcome in MIS
		9.4	 Ongoing Trials
		9.5	 Conclusion
		References
	10: Fertility-Sparing Treatment of Early and Locally Advanced Cervical Cancer
		10.1	 Introduction
		10.2	 Applicable Patients and Pre-Operative Assessment
		10.3	 Surgical Techniques
			10.3.1	 Abdominal Approach
				10.3.1.1	 Surgical Steps
					Laparotomy: Resection of the Round Ligament and Uterine Traction: Development of the Pararectal/Paravesical Cavity
					Pelvic Lymphadenectomy
					Identification of Uterine Artery
					Resection of the Cardinal Ligament, Vesicouterine Ligament (Anterior/Posterior), Sacrouterine Ligament, Rectovaginal Ligament, and Paracolpium Tissues
					Opening of the Vagina and Partial Resection of the Cervix
					Neocervix Plasty and Anastomosis of the Neocervix to the Vagina
					Anastomosis of the Round Ligament and Partial Closure of the Retroperitoneum
					Closure of the Abdomen (Insertion of Drain, Use of Anti-Adhesive Agents)
			10.3.2	 Vaginal Approach
			10.3.3	 Laparoscopic or Robotic Approach
			10.3.4	 Frozen Sections
			10.3.5	 Uterine Artery Preservation
			10.3.6	 Cervical Cerclage
		10.4	 Complications
		10.5	 Oncological Outcomes
		10.6	 Fertility and Obstetric Outcomes
		References
	11: Sentinel Navigation Surgery for Local Advanced Cervical Cancer
		11.1	 Principle and History
		11.2	 Principle and Indication
			11.2.1	 Detection Rate, Sensitivity of SLNs
			11.2.2	 Lymphatic Drainage of the Cervical Cancer
			11.2.3	 Effect of Tumor Size
			11.2.4	 Preoperative Evaluation
				11.2.4.1	 Technique
			11.2.5	 Morbidity
		11.3	 Complications of SLN Biopsy
			11.3.1	 Ultrastaging
			11.3.2	 OSNA Assay
		11.4	 Future and Prospect
		References
Part V: Multimodal Therapy for Cervical Cancer
	12: Radiological Treatment of Cervical Cancer
		12.1	 Treatment Strategy
		12.2	 Radiation Therapy
			12.2.1	 External Beam Radiation Therapy
				12.2.1.1	 Target Volume
				12.2.1.2	 Dose Prescription
				12.2.1.3	 Intensity-Modulated Radiation Therapy
			12.2.2	 Brachytherapy
		12.3	 Prognosis
		12.4	 Adverse Effects
		References
	13: Postoperative Adjuvant Therapy for Cervical Cancer
		13.1	 Introduction
		13.2	 Prognostic Risk Factors for Recurrence
			13.2.1	 High-Risk Group
			13.2.2	 Intermediate-Risk Group
		13.3	 Treatment of Patients with High-Risk Factors After Radical Hysterectomy
		13.4	 Treatment for Patients with Intermediate-Risk Factors after Radical Hysterectomy
		13.5	 Toxicities of Adjuvant Radiotherapy or Concurrent Chemoradiotherapy
		13.6	 Conclusions
		References
	14: Chemotherapy for Advanced and Recurrent Cervical Cancer
		14.1	 Introduction
		14.2	 Single-Agent Chemotherapy
			14.2.1	 Cisplatin
			14.2.2	 Topotecan
			14.2.3	 Irinotecan
			14.2.4	 Paclitaxel
			14.2.5	 Nab-Paclitaxel
		14.3	 Combination Chemotherapy: Phase II Clinical Trials
			14.3.1	 Topotecan + Cisplatin
			14.3.2	 Paclitaxel + Cisplatin
			14.3.3	 Paclitaxel + Carboplatin
		14.4	 Combination Chemotherapy: Phase III Clinical Trials
			14.4.1	 GOG 169
			14.4.2	 GOG 179
			14.4.3	 GOG 204
			14.4.4	 JCOG0505
		14.5	 Anti-Angiogenic Therapy
			14.5.1	 VEGF Pathway
			14.5.2	 Bevacizumab
			14.5.3	 GOG 240
			14.5.4	 JCOG1311
		14.6	 Other Anti-Angiogenic Therapy
		References
	15: New Therapeutic Strategies for Cervical Cancer with Special Reference to Immunotherapy
		15.1	 Introduction
		15.2	 ICIs
		15.3	 Anti-PD-1/Anti-PD-L1 Therapy
		15.4	 Anti-CTLA4 Therapy
		15.5	 Combination of Anti-PD-1 and Anti-CTLA4 Therapy
		15.6	 Adoptive T Cell Therapy
		15.7	 Therapeutic Vaccines
		15.8	 Future Directions
		References
	16: Molecular Target Drug for Cervical Cancer
		16.1	 Introduction
		16.2	 Development of Angiogenesis Inhibitors
		16.3	 Development of Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors
		16.4	 Development of PARP Inhibitors and Tisotumab Vedotin
		16.5	 Development of Therapeutic Vaccines
		16.6	 Cancer Gene Panel Test for Molecular Target Therapy
		16.7	 Conclusion and Future Direction
		References