Recent Progress In Atmospheric Sciences: Applications to the Asia-pacific Region

Contents......Page 8
Preface......Page 6
Part 1. Atmospheric Dynamics and Meteorology......Page 12
1. Introduction......Page 14
2. Basin-Coupling Modeling Strategy......Page 16
3. The Simulated ENSO Cycle......Page 17
4. Teleconnection of ENSO......Page 18
5. Impacts of Indian Ocean on the ENSO Cycle......Page 21
6. ENSO’s Interactions with the Tropospheric Biennial Oscillation (TBO)......Page 23
7. ENSO’s Interactions with Indian Ocean SST Variability......Page 27
8. Conclusions......Page 28
References......Page 29
1. Introduction......Page 34
2. Quasi-equilibrium Tropical Circulation Model......Page 36
3.2. Horizontal advection associated
with vψ and vχ......Page 39
4. Mechanisms for the Poleward Extent of Summer Monsoons......Page 40
4.1. Local processes......Page 41
4.4. Land-ocean heating contrast......Page 43
5.1. Local processes......Page 44
5.2. Ventilation and interactive Rodwell–Hoskins mechanisms......Page 45
5.3.1. Land surface condition......Page 48
5.3.2. Ocean heat transport......Page 50
6. Conclusion......Page 54
References......Page 57
1. Introduction......Page 60
2. Data and Methodology......Page 61
3. ISO and TC......Page 64
4. TC Contribution to the ISV......Page 67
5. Numerical Experiment......Page 70
6. Conclusions and Discussion......Page 73
References......Page 75
1. Introduction......Page 77
2.1. Cloud-resolving modeling for climate equilibrium and feedback study......Page 79
2.2. Cumulus ensemble responses to radiative and microphysical processes......Page 80
2.3. Diurnal variation of tropical oceanic convection......Page 83
2.4. Cloud clustering and microphysical processes......Page 84
2.5. Precipitation efficiency......Page 87
3. Air–Sea Exchange and Ocean Mixing at the Diurnal and Intraseasonal Scales......Page 88
4. Coupled Boundary Layer and Forced Oceanic Responses......Page 90
5. Representation of Convective– Radiative Processes in Climate Models......Page 91
6. Relevance to Climate Variability and Future Perspectives......Page 93
References......Page 95
1. Introduction......Page 100
2. Tropical Cyclogenesis......Page 103
3. Stratospheric Sudden Warming......Page 105
4. Abrupt Latitudinal Movement of the ITCZ (Monsoon Onset)......Page 106
5. Other Examples of Atmospheric Catastrophes......Page 110
References......Page 112
1. Introduction......Page 115
2. Design of a Barotropic Storm Track Model......Page 116
3. Linear Instability......Page 117
3.1. Inviscid modal instability properties, a = 0......Page 118
4. Nonlinear Model Storm Tracks......Page 121
4.1. Eddy feedback......Page 123
4.2. Modal storm tracks with uniform friction......Page 124
5. Concluding Remarks......Page 125
References......Page 126
1. Introduction......Page 128
2. Meiyu Frontogenesis......Page 129
3. Movement of the Meiyu Front......Page 134
4. Low-Level Jet (LLJ) Formation......Page 137
5. Development of the Frontal Cyclone......Page 140
Acknowledgements......Page 143
References......Page 144
1. Introduction......Page 147
2.2. Methodology......Page 148
2.3. Results......Page 149
3.1. Background......Page 150
3.2. Methodology......Page 151
3.3. Results......Page 153
3.4. Summary......Page 154
4.3. OSSE study (Wu et al., 2006)......Page 157
4.4. Targeted observations for TCs (Wu et al., 2007a)......Page 159
4.5. Summary......Page 161
5. Concluding Remarks......Page 162
References......Page 164
9. Vortex Interactions and Typhoon Concentric Eyewall Formation H.-C. Kuo, L.-Y. Lin, C.-L. Tsai and Y.-L. Chen......Page 168
1. Introduction......Page 169
2. Nondivergent Barotropic Model......Page 170
3. Physical Parameters......Page 171
4.1. Binary vortex interaction......Page 173
4.2. Two-dimensional turbulence on the f-plane......Page 174
4.3. Concentric eyewall formation solely from a turbulent background......Page 176
4.4. Phase diagrams......Page 178
5. Concluding Remarks......Page 180
References......Page 181
1. Introduction......Page 183
2. Background Flow and the Observed Development......Page 184
3. Roles of the Winter Monsoon and Possible Mechanisms......Page 188
4. Concluding Remarks: Key Question Posed by Typhoon Vamei......Page 190
References......Page 191
1. Introduction......Page 193
2.1. Characteristics of satellite ocean surface winds......Page 196
2.2. Atmospheric analysis and data assimilation systems......Page 198
3. Impact of Satellite Ocean Surface Wind Data......Page 199
4. Applications of Ocean Surface Wind Data in the Southwestern Pacific Region......Page 204
5. Summary and Conclusions......Page 206
References......Page 209
1. Introduction......Page 211
2.1. Basic equations......Page 212
2.2. Weather simulations......Page 213
2.3. Applications to Taiwan and East Asia......Page 216
2.4. Regional climate studies......Page 219
2.5. Simulations of dust and ozone......Page 221
3.1. Basic equations......Page 223
3.2.3. White Sands simulation......Page 226
4.1. Turbulence, pollution and PBL......Page 227
4.3. Cloud streets and symmetric instability......Page 228
4.4. Cumulus parametrization scheme (CPS) and cloud models......Page 229
4.6. Numerical schemes......Page 230
5. Summary......Page 232
References......Page 234
Part 2. Atmospheric Physics and Chemistry......Page 240
1. Introduction......Page 242
2.1. Hygroscopic aerosols......Page 243
2.1.1. Twomey’s indirect effects......Page 244
2.1.2. Giant CCNs......Page 248
2.1.3. Effects on cloud ice......Page 252
2.1.4. Effects on cloud chemistry......Page 255
2.2. Carbonaceous aerosols......Page 256
2.2.1. Soluble organic aerosols......Page 257
2.2.2. Soot......Page 258
2.2.3. Surfactants......Page 261
2.2.4. Bioaerosols......Page 264
2.3.1. Roles as CCNs and INs......Page 266
3. Cloud Effect on Aerosols......Page 268
3.1. Microphysical and chemical modifications......Page 269
3.2. Precipitation scavenging......Page 271
3.3. Cloud venting......Page 275
3.4.1. Actinic flux effect......Page 276
3.4.2. Turbulence effect......Page 278
4. Summary......Page 281
References......Page 282
1. Introduction......Page 293
2.1. The GSSRB surface radiation......Page 295
2.2. The NASA SRB Rel2 surface radiation......Page 296
2.4. The HOAPS-II surface turbulent fluxes, temperature, and humidity......Page 297
3.1. Annual mean......Page 298
3.2. Seasonal variation......Page 300
3.3. Interannual variation......Page 301
4. Tropical Warm Pool SHB and SST Tendency......Page 303
4.1. SHB and SST tendency during the TOGA COARE IOP......Page 304
4.2. Seasonal variation of SHB and SST tendency......Page 305
5. Regulation of the Pacific Warm Pool SST......Page 307
6. Correlation between the SST and the SHB in the Tropical Pacific......Page 310
7. Summary......Page 312
References......Page 315
1. Introduction......Page 318
2. Light Scattering and Absorption by Aerosols......Page 320
3. The Effect of Mountains on Radiation Fields......Page 326
4. Radiative Transfer in the Atmosphere–Ocean System......Page 330
5. Summary......Page 333
References......Page 334
16. Progress in Atmospheric Vortex Structures Deduced from Single Doppler Radar Observations Wen-Chau Lee and Ben Jong-Dao Jou......Page 337
1. Introduction......Page 338
2. Interpretation of Single Doppler Radar Vortex Signatures......Page 339
3. SDWR Algorithms......Page 341
3.1. The TREC technique......Page 342
3.2. The VTD family of techniques......Page 343
4. Atmospheric Vortex Circulation Center Deduced from Single Doppler Radar Data......Page 346
5.1. Structure of tropical cyclones......Page 348
5.2. Structure of mesoscale vortices in MCS......Page 351
5.3. Structure of tornados......Page 352
6. Assimilating VTD-Derived Winds into the Numerical Model......Page 355
7. The Generalized VTD (GVTD) Technique — A New Paradigm......Page 356
8.2. Improving the VTD closure assumptions......Page 360
8.4. Operational aspects......Page 362
References......Page 363
1. Introduction......Page 369
2. The Interaction between Supertyphoon Maemi (2003) and a Warm Ocean Eddy (Based on Lin et al., 2005)......Page 371
3. The Ocean’s Biogeochemical Response to the Typhoon (Based on Lin et al., 2003b)......Page 374
4. Posttyphoon Air–Sea Interaction (Based on Lin et al., 2003a)......Page 378
References......Page 380
18. Outbreaks of Asian Dust Storms: An Overview from Satellite and Surface Perspectives Si-Chee Tsay......Page 384
1.1. Dust storm outbreaks......Page 385
1.2. Source/sink and transport pathway......Page 388
2. Consequence......Page 391
2.2. Scientific significance......Page 392
3. Dust Properties......Page 393
3.1. Ground-based observation and analysis......Page 394
3.2. Satellite monitoring and retrieval......Page 398
3.3. Numerical modeling and interpretation......Page 402
4. Concluding Remarks......Page 406
4.2. Action strategy......Page 407
References......Page 409
1. Introduction......Page 413
3. Current Assessment of the Satellite Measured Clouds......Page 415
3.1. Cloud top height and optical depth......Page 416
3.2. Cirrus overlapping lower clouds......Page 417
3.3. The bimodal distribution of cloud top altitudes......Page 418
3.4. Cloud optical depth feedback......Page 420
3.5. Cloud droplet e.ective radius and liquid water path......Page 423
4. Concluding Remarks......Page 425
References......Page 426
1. Introduction......Page 430
2. The Role of Ice Processes in the Lifespan of US High Plains Thunderstorms......Page 431
2.1. The cloud model and the CCOPE supercell......Page 432
2.2. Results and discussions......Page 434
3. Impacts of Ice Crystal Habit on Cirrus Development......Page 435
3.1. The model physics......Page 436
3.2. Model setup and initializations......Page 437
3.3. Results and discussions on the effect of ice crystal habit on the development of cirrus......Page 439
4. Capacitance of Ice Crystals......Page 443
References......Page 447
1. Introduction......Page 449
2.1. Field measurements......Page 452
2.2. One-dimensional model......Page 453
2.3. Observation-based method/model......Page 454
2.4. Ozone production rate......Page 456
2.5. Ozone–precursors relationship......Page 457
2.6. Applying the OBM to Beijing and PRD experiments......Page 459
3.1. Ozone trends in Taiwan......Page 462
3.2. Ozone trends in East Asia and Mauna Loa, Hawaii......Page 464
4. Concluding Remarks......Page 465
References......Page 466
22. Impact of FORMOSAT-3/COSMIC Data on Typhoon and Mei-yu Prediction Ying-Hwa Kuo, Hui Liu, Yong-Run Guo, Chuen-Teyr Terng and Yun-Tien Lin......Page 469
1. Introduction......Page 470
2.2. Assimilation of COSMIC data using WRF 3D-Var......Page 471
2.3. Comparison of WRF 3D-Var and WRF/DART ensemble assimilation......Page 477
3. Impact of COSMIC GPSRO Soundings on Mei-yu Prediction......Page 484
4. Summary and Conclusions......Page 488
References......Page 493
Author Index......Page 496