Recent Developments in Waste Management: Select Proceedings of Recycle 2018 (Lecture Notes in Civil Engineering, 57)

Preface
Aim and Scope of the Proposed Book
Contents
About the Editor
1 Effective Utilisation of Kitchen Waste to Biogas by Anaerobic Co-digestion
	Abstract
	1 Introduction
	2 Experimental Investigation
		2.1 Materials
		2.2 Anaerobic Digester
		2.3 Methods
	3 Experimental Results and Discussion
		3.1 Waste Characterization
		3.2 Effect of PH and Temperature
		3.3 Biogas Production
		3.4 Composition of Biogas
		3.5 Purification of Biogas
		3.6 Characterisation of the Post-digestion Residue
	4 Conclusion
	References
2 Geotechnical Characterization of Expansive Soil and Utilization of Waste to Control Its Swelling and Shrinkage Behaviour
	Abstract
	1 Introduction
	2 Materials and Methods
	3 Results and Discussion
		3.1 Materials and Their Characteristics
		3.2 Determination of Index Properties of Dross Blended Expansive Soil
		3.3 Index Properties
			3.3.1 Specific Gravity
			3.3.2 Consistency Features
			3.3.3 Expansive Characteristics
			3.3.4 Compaction Characteristics
			3.3.5 Unconfined Compressive Strength (UCS) Test
	4 Practical Implications
	5 Conclusion
	References
3 Recovery of Manganese from Low-Grade Ferromanganese Ores Using Bacillus Safensis
	Abstract
	1 Introduction
	2 Methodology
		2.1 Collection of Sample
		2.2 Isolation of Manganese-Solubilizing Bacteria
		2.3 Screening of Isolates for Manganese Tolerance
		2.4 Molecular Identification and Phylogenetic Analysis
		2.5 Bioleaching of Mn
	3 Results and Discussion
		3.1 Physicochemical Characterization of Ore Sample
		3.2 Isolation of Mn-Solubilizing Bacteria
		3.3 Screening for Manganese Tolerance
		3.4 16S RRNA Sequencing of Manganese-Solubilizing Bacteria
		3.5 Phylogenetic Analysis of Selective Bacteria
		3.6 Manganese Bioleaching
	4 Conclusion
	Acknowledgements
	References
4 Briquette Making Using Waste Biomass and Analysis of Its Properties
	Abstract
	1 Introduction
	2 Results and Discussion
	3 Conclusion
	References
5 Indigenous Household Groundwater Filter Unit of North Guwahati (Assam) for Iron and Fluoride Removals
	Abstract
	1 Introduction
	2 Materials and Methods
		2.1 Field Survey
		2.2 Monitoring of Selected Indigenous Household Groundwater Filter Unit
		2.3 Methods
	3 Results and Discussion
		3.1 Field Survey
		3.2 Monitoring of Selected Indigenous Household Groundwater Filter Unit
	4 Conclusion
	References
6 Biohydrogen Production Through Dark Fermentation of Food Wastes by Anaerobic Digester Sludge Mixed Microbial Consortium
	Abstract
	1 Introduction
	2 Materials and Methods
		2.1 Enrichment of Mesophilic Hydrogen-Producing Microorganism
		2.2 Preparation of Food Waste
		2.3 Pretreatment of Substrate
		2.4 Batch Acidogenic Fermentation of Food Waste
		2.5 Analytical Methods
	3 Results and Discussion
		3.1 Amount of BioH2 in the Produced Biogas
		3.2 Effect of PH on Kinetic Parameters for BioH2 Production by Dark Fermentation of Food Waste
		3.3 Effect of Different Pretreatment Methods on the Hydrogen Content of Produced Biogas
		3.4 Evaluation of Nutrients Utilized by the Microflora
		3.5 Volatile Fatty Acids (VFAs) and Ethanol Production
	4 Conclusion
	References
7 Identifying Issues in Assessing Environmental Implications of Solar PVs-Related Waste
	Abstract
	1 Introduction
	2 Fate and Environmental Impacts of Solar PV Modules
	3 Toxic Metals Released from Solar PV
		3.1 Crystalline Silicon PV Modules
		3.2 Thin-Film PV Systems
	4 Risk Potential at Landfills with PV Modules
	5 Decommissioning and Recycling of Photovoltaic Modules
	6 Regulatory Legislation of PV Panel Waste
	7 Identified Knowledge Data Gaps
	8 Future Outlooks
	9 Conclusions
	Acknowledgements
	References
8 Assessing Iron (II) and Fluoride Removals by Indigenously Fabricated Household Water Filter of North Guwahati
	Abstract
	1 Introduction
	2 Materials and Methods
		2.1 Field Survey
		2.2 Monitoring of a Selected Indigenously Fabricated Household Water Filter Unit
		2.3 Fabrication, Operation, and Maintenance of a Selected Filter Unit
		2.4 Methods
	3 Results and Discussion
		3.1 Field Survey
		3.2 Performance Monitoring of the Selected Filter Unit
	4 Summary
	References
9 Social and Policy Study for Municipal Solid Waste Management Planning for Small Towns in Maharashtra: Case of Mowad
	Abstract
	1 Introduction
	2 Methodology
	3 Results
		3.1 Gaps Observed at Every Functional Stage Between the Prescribed, Planned and Implemented MSWM Practices
		3.2 Accurate Estimation of MSW Generation
		3.3 Precise Characterization of MSW in Small Towns
		3.4 Optimized Collection System
		3.5 Challenges for Treatment and Disposal
		3.6 Scope of Developing a Regional MSWM Model
	4 Conclusion
	Acknowledgements
	Annexure
	References
10 Open Dumping of Waste and Its Impact on Our Water Resources and Health—A Case of New Delhi, India
	Abstract
	1 Introduction
	2 Methodology
	3 Waste Quantification
		3.1 Biodegradable Waste
		3.2 Non-biodegradable Waste
		3.3 Domestic Hazardous Waste
	4 Leachate Pollution Index
	5 Water Quality Index
	6 Study Area
		6.1 Okhla Landfill Site
	7 Results
		7.1 Waste Quantification Results
		7.2 Physico-chemical Test Results of Groundwater Samples from Different Sites
	8 Findings
		8.1 Chromium Toxicity
		8.2 Lead Toxicity
	9 Recommendation
		9.1 Recommendation for Future Research
	Acknowledgements
	References
11 Performance Evaluation of Sewage Treatment Plant (STP)—A Case Study
	Abstract
	1 Introduction
	2 Study Area
		2.1 Problem Identified
	3 Materials
	4 Methodology
		4.1 Details of STP units
		4.2 Sampling and Monitoring
		4.3 Calculations
	5 Results
	6 Discussion
	7 Findings and Recommendations
	8 Conclusions
	References
12 Biomining: An Innovative and Practical Solution for Reclamation of Open Dumpsite
	Abstract
	1 Introduction
		1.1 Biomining Technology
		1.2 Bioreactor Landfill Concept into Biomining Process
	2 Case Study—Hyderabad City
	3 Case Study—Kumbakonam Model
	4 Proposal for the Reclamation of Perungudi Open Dumpsite, Chennai
	5 Framework for Future Management of the Reclaimed Open Dump
	6 Conclusions
	References
13 The Influence of Ground-Granulated Blast-Furnace Slag on Geotechnical Properties of Jarosite Waste
	Abstract
	1 Introduction
	2 Scope and Objectives
	3 Materials
		3.1 Jarosite
		3.2 Ground-Granulated Blast-Furnace Slag (GGBS)
	4 Results and Discussions
		4.1 Effect of GGBS on Compaction Characteristics
		4.2 Effect of GGBS on Strength Characteristics
		4.3 Effect of GGBS on Durability
		4.4 Effect of GGBS on Microstructure Study
		4.5 Effect of GGBS on Toxicity Leachate Potentials
	5 Cost Estimation
	6 Conclusions
	References
14 Experimental Investigation on Bubble Deck Concrete Using Plastic Waste
	Abstract
	1 Introduction
	2 Objectives
	3 Methodology
	4 Materials Used
	5 Preliminary Design of Slab
		5.1 Slab Details
		5.2 Design of Slab
	6 Quantity of Materials Used
	7 Experimental Investigations
		7.1 Rebound Hammer Test
		7.2 Compression Test
	8 Results and Discussions
		8.1 Conventional Concrete Slab
		8.2 Bubble Deck Concrete
	9 Conclusions
	References
15 A Study on Total Nitrogen Balance and Alkalinity Balance in a PVA Gel-Based Bioreactor
	Abstract
	1 Introduction
	2 Materials and Methods
		2.1 Reactor Configuration and Operational Parameters
		2.2 Method and Analysis
	3 Results and Discussions
		3.1 Reactor Performance
		3.2 Total Nitrogen Balance
		3.3 Alkalinity Balance
	4 Conclusion
	References
16 Sustainable Energy Potential from Different Types of Waste Products
	Abstract
	1 Introduction
		1.1 Types of Waste
			1.1.1 Kitchen Waste
			1.1.2 Municipal Waste
			1.1.3 Cattle Dung
			1.1.4 Hospital Waste
	2 Materials and Methods
		2.1 Preparation of Questionnaires
		2.2 Data Collection
		2.3 Collection of Waste Samples
		2.4 Testing of Samples
			2.4.1 Proximate Analysis
				Moisture Content
				Volatile Matter
				Ash
				Fixed Carbon
			2.4.2 Calorific Value Test
	3 Results and Discussion
		3.1 Municipal Waste Generation Rates
			3.1.1 Classification of Municipal Waste (Mass %)
		3.2 Hospital Waste Generation Rates in Surveyed Hospitals
			3.2.1 Classification of General Healthcare Waste (Mass %)
		3.3 Quantitative Assessment of Cow Dung from Gaushala
		3.4 Calorific Value Test
			3.4.1 Calorific Value Test of Hospital Waste
			3.4.2 Calorific Value Test of Kitchen Waste and Cattle Dung
			3.4.3 Calorific Value Test of Uneaten Food and Cow Dung
			3.4.4 Calorific Value Test of Municipal Waste
		3.5 Calculation of Energy Potential from the Selected Waste
	4 Conclusions
	Appendix—I
	References
17 Effect and Management of Various Terrestrial Weeds—Review
	Abstract
	1 Introduction
	2 Allelopathy
		2.1 Terrestrial Weeds
			2.1.1 Lantana camara
			2.1.2 Ageratum conyzoides
			2.1.3 Parthenium hysterophorus
			2.1.4 Mikania micrantha Kunth
	3 Anaerobic Digestion and Composting, a Possible Way of Control This Weeds
	4 Conclusion
	References
18 A Comparative Study on Removal of Ammoniacal Nitrogen by Chemical and Biological Processes
	Abstract
	1 Introduction
	2 Materials and Methods
		2.1 Raw Wastewater
		2.2 Chemicals for Struvite Formation
		2.3 Experimental Procedure for MAP Process
			2.3.1 Stoichiometric Calculation
		2.4 Experimental Procedure for Biological Process
	3 Results and Discussion
		3.1 Reduction by MAP Process
		3.2 Varying Different Molar Ratios of Mg and P
		3.3 Graphical Representation of NH4-N Removal for Mg:N:P = (0.8–1.3:1:1)
		3.4 Biological Process Results
	4 Conclusion
	References
19 Effects of Using Kota Stone as Filler on Mechanical Properties of Asphalt Concrete Mixes
	Abstract
	1 Introduction
	2 Material Properties and Experimental Investigations
		2.1 Material Properties
		2.2 Design and Experimental Evaluation of Asphalt Concrete Mixes
	3 Test Results
		3.1 Analyses of Marshall and Volumetric Properties
		3.2 Analysis of Marshall Quotient
		3.3 Retained Marshall Stability Test
	4 Conclusions and Discussions
	References
20 Experimental Investigation of Waste Glass Powder as Filler in Asphalt Concrete Mixes
	Abstract
	1 Introduction
	2 Material Properties and Methodology
		2.1 Materials
		2.2 Tests on Asphalt Mixes
	3 Test Results
		3.1 Analyses of Marshall and Volumetric Properties
		3.2 Marshall Quotient
		3.3 Retained Marshall Stability Test
	4 Conclusions and Discussions
	References
21 Adsorption of Lead Ions from Aqueous Solution by Functionalized Polymer Aniline–Formaldehyde Condensate, Coated on Various Support Materials
	Abstract
	1 Introduction
	2 Materials and Methods
		2.1 Materials
		2.2 Synthesis of Aniline–Formaldehyde Condensate
		2.3 Coating of AFC on Various Support Materials
		2.4 Adsorption Experiments
		2.5 Analytical Procedure
	3 Results and Discussion
		3.1 Effect of Reaction pH and Kinetic Studies
		3.2 Mechanism of Lead Removal
		3.3 Adsorption Isotherm
		3.4 Surface Characteristics of AFC Coated Adsorbents
	4 Conclusions
	References
22 Investigation on the Effect of Planting Canna Indica in Two-Stage Vermifilter for Synthetic Dairy Wastewater Treatment
	Abstract
	1 Introduction
	2 Materials and Methodology
		2.1 Design of Reactors
		2.2 Wastewater Composition and Characteristics
		2.3 Analytical Procedure
	3 Results and Discussion
		3.1 Organics Removal
		3.2 Nitrogen Removal
		3.3 Phosphorous Removal
	4 Conclusions
	References
23 Removal of Chromium Using Water Treatment Sludge
	Abstract
	1 Introduction
	2 Materials and Methods
		2.1 Collection and Characterisation of Water Treatment Sludge
		2.2 Batch Sorption Tests
		2.3 Column Study
	3 Results and Discussion
		3.1 Characteristics of Water Treatment Residual
		3.2 Batch Tests
		3.3 Column Tests
	4 Conclusions
	References
24 Bioelectricity Generation from Kitchen Waste in a Low-Cost Earthenware Microbial Fuel Cell
	Abstract
	1 Introduction
	2 Materials and Methods
		2.1 Materials
		2.2 Experimental Procedure
			2.2.1 Hydrolysis of Kitchen Waste
			2.2.2 MFC Fabrication and Design
			2.2.3 MFC Start-up
		2.3 Analytical Methods
	3 Results and Discussion
		3.1 Kitchen Waste
			3.1.1 Solid-to-Liquid Ratio
			3.1.2 PH Analysis
			3.1.3 Influence of Digestion Time
			3.1.4 Hydrolysis Yield
		3.2 Microbial Fuel Cell (MFC) Operation
			3.2.1 Composition of the Earthenware Separator
			3.2.2 Wastewater Treatment
			3.2.3 Electricity Harvesting
			3.2.4 Polarization Studies
			3.2.5 Kinetic Studies of Hydrolysis of Kitchen Waste
	4 Conclusions
	Acknowledgements
	References
25 Relevance of Physicochemical and Nutritional Variables During Rotary Drum Composting of Water Hyacinth with Biochar Amendment
	Abstract
	1 Introduction
	2 Material and Methodology
		2.1 Preparation of Biochar
		2.2 Collection of Waste Materials and Setup of Reactor
		2.3 Mechanism of Composting
		2.4 Analysis of Sample
		2.5 FTIR Analysis
		2.6 Statistical Analysis
	3 Result and Discussion
		3.1 Temperature and Moisture Content
		3.2 Physicochemical Parameters
		3.3 Ftir
		3.4 Scatterplot Matrix
	4 Conclusion
	References
26 Treatment of Wastewater from Beverage/Soft Drink Industry by Microwave Photolytic Process
	Abstract
	1 Introduction
	2 Materials and Methods
	3 Experimental Setup
	4 Results and Discussion
		4.1 Initial Characteristics of SDIW
		4.2 Mineralization of SDIW
		4.3 TKN Removal Efficiency
		4.4 Total Phosphate Removal Efficiency
		4.5 Variation in PH and Dissolved Oxygen (DO)
	5 Conclusions
	References
27 A Study on the Landfill Leachate and Its Impact on Groundwater Quality of Ghazipur Area, New Delhi, India
	Abstract
	1 Introduction
	2 Study Area
	3 Materials and Methods
		3.1 Site Selection
		3.2 Groundwater Analysis
		3.3 Sampling and Analysis of Data
	4 Results and Discussion
		4.1 Characteristics of Leachate
		4.2 Variation of Groundwater Parameters
		4.3 Effect of Distance on Pollution of Groundwater
	5 Remedial Measures for the Groundwater Pollution
	6 Conclusions
	References
28 Effect of Attrition on Silica Sand as Bed Material in Circulating Fluidized Bed System
	Abstract
	1 Introduction
	2 Methods and Materials
	3 Results and Discussions
	4 Conclusions
	References
29 Status of Handling and Management of Lead–Acid Batteries in Five Districts of Punjab (India)
	Abstract
	1 Introduction
	2 Methodology
	3 Results and Discussions
		3.1 Movement of Lead–Acid Batteries During Its Life Cycle
		3.2 Status of Various LAB Units/Stakeholders
	4 Conclusions
	5 Compliance with Ethical Standards
	References
30 Assessment of Ferrous Slag with Relevance to Physico-chemical Properties
	Abstract
	1 Introduction
	2 Materials and Methods
	3 Results and Discussion
	4 Conclusion
	References
31 Analysis of E-Waste Ceramics as a Fine Aggregate for Rigid Pavements for Replacement of M-Sand and River Sand
	Abstract
	1 Introduction
	2 Scope of Present Study
	3 Experimental Methodology
	4 Results and Discussions
	5 Future Scope of Study
	6 Summary
	Acknowledgements
	Bibliography
32 Insight into a Waste Material-Based Bioreactor for Nutrient Removal from Domestic Wastewater
	Abstract
	1 Introduction
	2 Materials and Methods
		2.1 Bioreactor Configuration
		2.2 Microbe Immobilized Substrates
		2.3 Domestic Wastewater
		2.4 Analytical Techniques
	3 Results and Discussions
		3.1 Preliminary Studies for Optimizing Factors
		3.2 Nitrification and Physicochemical Ammonium Removal
		3.3 Denitrification and Physicochemical Nitrate Removal
		3.4 Denitrifying and Physicochemical Phosphate Removal
	4 Conclusions
	Acknowledgements
	References
33 Incorporation of Earthworms and Dolochar in Biofilter: An Attempt Towards Maximizing Nutrients Removal
	Abstract
	1 Introduction
	2 Materials and Methods
	3 Results and Discussion
		3.1 Nitrogen Removal
		3.2 Phosphorous Removal
	4 Conclusion
	Acknowledgements
	References
34 Removal of Fluoride from Aqueous Solution Using Coal-Coated with FeCl3
	Abstract
	1 Introduction
	2 Materials and Methods
		2.1 Preparation of Adsorbents
		2.2 Chemicals and Reagents
		2.3 Batch and Kinetic Study Procedure
		2.4 Column Study Procedure
	3 Theory
		3.1 Theory of Batch and Kinetic Study
		3.2 Theory of Column Study
	4 Results and Discussion
		4.1 Characterization of the Adsorbent
		4.2 Batch and Kinetic Study Results
		4.3 Column Study Results
		4.4 Modelling of Breakthrough Curves
	5 Conclusions
	Acknowledgements
	References
35 Solid Waste Generation Data Variability in India—An Unnoticed Hurdle
	Abstract
	1 Introduction
	2 Status of Waste Generation Data Availability and Reliability
	3 Methodology
		3.1 Assessment of Percentage Data Availability
		3.2 Assessment of Percentage Researchers Dependent on CPCB and NEERI for MSW Data
		3.3 Data Variability and Comparability of Recorded Data
		3.4 Data Variability and Comparability of Predicted Data
	4 Data Analysis
		4.1 Assessment Percentage of Data Availability
		4.2 Assessment of Percentage Researchers Dependent on CPCB and NEERI for Waste Generation Data
		4.3 Data Variability and Comparability of Recorded Data
		4.4 Data Variability and Comparability of Projected Data
	5 Problems Encountered in Data Maintenance
	6 Resolving Data Maintenance Problems
	7 Conclusion
	References
36 Influence of Recycling on the Incinerability of Municipal Solid Waste
	Abstract
	1 Introduction
	2 Methodology
	3 Variation in Incinerability of MSW with Recycling of Component Fractions in Developing Economy: A Theoretical Approach
		3.1 Approach A: Recycling of Individual Components
			3.1.1 Recycling of Plastic Fraction
			3.1.2 Recycling of Paper Fraction
			3.1.3 Recycling of Inert Fraction
			3.1.4 Recycling of Food and Yard Waste
		3.2 Approach B: Simultaneous Segregation of Different Components
			3.2.1 Segregation of Inert and Biodegradable Fractions
			3.2.2 Segregation of Combustible and Non-compostable Fractions
			3.2.3 Variation in Incinerability of MSW with Recycling in a Developed Economy
	4 Conclusion
	Acknowledgements
	References
37 Seasonal and Spatial Variation of DO and BOD for Assessment of the Water Quality of Brahmaputra River
	Abstract
	1 Introduction
	2 Study Area
	3 Materials and Methodology
	4 Results and Discussion
		4.1 Seasonal Variation
		4.2 Spatial Variation
	5 Conclusion
	Acknowledgements
	References
38 Recycling-Oriented Characterization and Recovery Potential of Rare Earth Elements in Compact and Linear Fluorescent Lamps
	Abstract
	1 Introduction
	2 Materials and Methods
		2.1 Collection of Obsolete CFLs and LFLs
		2.2 Sample Preparation
		2.3 SEM/EDS Analysis for the Characterization of REEs
		2.4 Statistical Analysis
		2.5 Estimation of Recovery Potential of REEs from Obsolete CFLs and LFLs in India for the Year 2017
	3 Results and Discussion
		3.1 REEs Contents in Obsolete CFLs and LFLs from SEM/EDS Analysis
		3.2 Recovery Potential of REEs from Obsolete CFLs and LFLs in India for the Year 2017
	4 Conclusions
	References
39 Integration of GIS and AHP-ANP Modeling for Landfill Site Selection for Nagpur City, India
	Abstract
	1 Introduction
	2 Materials and Methods
		2.1 Study Area
		2.2 Data Collection and Software
		2.3 Methodology
	3 Results and Discussion
		3.1 Analytical Hierarchy Process Model
		3.2 Analytic Network Process Model
		3.3 Sensitivity Analysis
		3.4 Validation with Site Visits
	4 Conclusion
	Acknowledgements
	References
40 Evolution of Waste-to-Energy Technology—An Indian Perspective Projects
	Abstract
	1 Introduction
	2 Global Evolution of WtE
	3 Development of WtE in India
		3.1 First Generation WtEs
	4 Interventions by Hon’ble Supreme Court (2005–2007)
		4.1 Second Generation WtEs
	5 Status of a Few Upcoming Plants
		5.1 Integrated MSW Processing Complex at Bawana, Delhi
		5.2 Yuvraj Power Projects, Rajahmundry (A.P.)
		5.3 A2Z Integrated MSW Processing Facility, Kanpur (U.P.)
		5.4 Ghazipur WtE Project by IL&FS, Delhi
		5.5 Narela-Bhawana Ramky Plant
	6 Conclusion
	References
41 Seasonal Variations in Human Health Impacts of PM10, PM2.5, SO2, and NO2 Emissions from a Solid Waste Disposal Facility at Turbhe, Navi Mumbai
	Abstract
	1 Introduction
	2 Material and Method
		2.1 Study Area
		2.2 Health Risk Assessment Tool
	3 Results
	4 Discussion
	5 Conclusion
	References