Recent Developments in Electrical and Electronics Engineering: Select Proceedings of ICRDEEE 2022

Contents
About the Editors
Design and Implementation of Fractional-Order PID Controller for Magnetic Levitation System Using Genetic Algorithm-Based Optimization
	1 Introduction
	2 The Magnetic Levitation System
	3 Description of GA Algorithm
	4 Fractional Calculus and FOPID Controller
		4.1 Fractional Calculus
		4.2 Fractional-Order PID Controller
	5 Simulation Results
	6 Conclusions
	References
Spin-Transfer Torque MRAM with Emerging Sensing Techniques
	1 Introduction
		1.1 Magnetic Tunnel Junction
		1.2 MRAM Memory
	2 Techniques for STT-MRAM
		2.1 Double-Barrier MTJs: (DMTJs)
		2.2 Non-destructive Self-reference Sensing (NSRS) Technique
		2.3 Cycle Sensing Margin Enhancement Technique with p-VSA (PMOS-Assisted Voltage-Type Sense Amplifier)
		2.4 Dynamic Dual-Reference Sensing Technique (DDRS)
		2.5 Voltage-Driven Non-destructive Self-reference Sensing (VDRS) Scheme
		2.6 DMSS (Dual-Mode Sensing Scheme)
		2.7 TVS (Three-Input Voltage Sense Amplifier) Technique
		2.8 Source-Line-Biasing Technique
		2.9 Quantum Well States in MTJs Barrier
		2.10 Tunnel Magnetoresistive Effect-Based Current Sensors
		2.11 MTJ-Based Biosensor
	3 Conclusion
	References
Optimum Design of Controller Parameters for Automatic Generation Control Employing Hybrid Statistically Tracked Particle Swarm Optimization Algorithm
	1 Introduction
	2 Modeling and Problem Formulation
	3 Proposed Methodology Using Hybrid STPSO
		3.1 Computational Algorithm Using Hybrid STPSO Method
	4 Results and Discussions
	5 Conclusion
	Appendix
	References
A Comparative PWM Analysis of MMC
	1 Introduction
	2 Modular Multilevel Converter (MMC)
	3 Control Structure
	4 Alternate Phase Opposition Disp Osition (APOD)-PWM
	5 Carrier Overlap-PWM
	6 Phase-Shifted PWM
	7 Result and Discussion
	8 Conclusion
	References
An Analytical Study to Evaluate the Performance of Different PV Configurations Under Various Partial Shading Conditions
	1 Introduction
	2 System Configuration
	3 PV Array Configurations
		3.1 Series with Parallel Configuration
		3.2 Total-Cross-Tied Configuration
		3.3 Bridge-Tied Configuration
		3.4 Honeycomb Configurations
	4 Results
		4.1 Diagonal Shading Pattern
		4.2 Z-Shading Pattern
		4.3 Centre Shading Pattern
		4.4 Random Shading Pattern
	5 Conclusion
	References
Detection of Parkinson's Disease Using Support Vector Machine and Combination of Various Tissue Density Features
	1 Introduction
	2 Data Acquisition and Preprocessing
	3 Support Vector Machine
	4 Experimental Setup
	5 Result and Discussion
	References
Modified Sine Cosine-Based Controller for Microgrid Frequency Regulation
	1 Introduction
	2 System Understudy
		2.1 System Configuration and Design Consideration
		2.2 Proposed IT2FPID Controller
		2.3 Optimization Problem
	3 Proposed Modified Sine Cosine (MSCA) Algorithm
		3.1 SCA Algorithm
		3.2 Proposed Modified SCA Algorithm (MSCA)
	4 Results and Discussion
		4.1 Implementation of Proposed MSCA Algorithm
		4.2 Case 1: During 100% Penetration of Renewal Energy Sources
		4.3 Case 2: During 50% Penetration of Renewable Sources
	5 Conclusion
	References
Impact of Different Demand Response Programs on Distribution Network Using Particle Swarm Optimization
	1 Introduction
	2 Aggregated Demand Considering Residential, Industrial, and Commercial Consumers
	3 Problem Formulation
		3.1 Network Loss
		3.2 Magnitude of Voltage Deviation
		3.3 Problem Constraints
	4 Particle Swarm Optimization for Demand Response
	5 Results and Discussion
	6 Conclusions
	References
Impact of Redox Flow Battery and HVDC Link on Combined ALFC-AVR of a Hydrothermal System Incorporating GTPP Considering Communication Delay
	1 Introduction
		1.1 Novelty and Main Contribution of This Work
	2 Methodology
		2.1 System Under Study
		2.2 Modeling of Cross-Coupling Coefficients
		2.3 Modeling of RFB
		2.4 Modeling of AC/HVDC Link
		2.5 Proposed CFOPIDN-PDN Controller
		2.6 Mechanical and Electric Governor for Hydro Unit
	3 Artificial Flora Algorithm
	4 Results and Analysis
		4.1 Performance Comparison Among PIDN, FOPIDN, and CFOPIDN-PDN Controllers
		4.2 Performance Comparison Between Mechanical and Electric Governor
		4.3 Effect of HVDC Transmission Link
		4.4 Impact of the RFB on the Considered System Performance
		4.5 Effect of the CTD on the Considered System Performance
		4.6 Sensitivity Analysis
	5 Conclusion
	Appendix
	References
Amalgamated Voltage and Frequency Regulation of an Interconnected Multi-source Power System Using the CFOI-TIDN Controller
	1 Introduction
	2 Investigated System
	3 Proposed Controller
	4 Optimization Technique
	5 Results and Analysis
		5.1 Exploration of System Performance by Different Controllers
		5.2 Repercussions of AVR and HDGT Plant
		5.3 Sensitivity Analysis
	6 Conclusion
	References
Harmonics Mitigation Using Proportional–Resonant Controller-Based DSTATCOM in Distribution System
	1 Introduction
	2 System Under Study
	3 Control Technique
		3.1 Proportional–Resonant Controller
		3.2 Extraction of Reference Currents
	4 Results and Discussion
		4.1 Controller Performance
		4.2 DSTATCOM Performance with Linear Load
		4.3 DSTATCOM Performance with Nonlinear Load
		4.4 Harmonic Comparisons
	5 Conclusion
	References
Analysis of Z-Source Resonant Converter for Wireless Charging Application
	1 Introduction
	2 Comparison of Conventional & Suggested WPT
		2.1 Converters in General
	3 Overview of Z-Source-Based Resonant Converter
	4 Simulation Results
	5 Results & Discussion
	6 Conclusion
	References
Application of a Novel Method to Reduce Congestion in DPS Applying TCSC
	1 Introduction
	2 Implemented TCSC Model
	3 Sensitivity Factors Applied
	4 Problem Formulation
		4.1 Constraints
	5 HGWOPSO Algorithm
	6 Result Analysis
		6.1 LUF Redistribution
		6.2 Power Loss Minimization
	7 Conclusions
	References
A Hybrid Approach to PMBLAC Machine for High-Speed Mobility
	1 Introduction
	2 Components of an EV
		2.1 Battery
		2.2 Motor
		2.3 Ultra Capacitors
		2.4 Charging System
		2.5 Braking
	3 Schematic Diagram of PMBLAC Drive
	4 Simulated Outcomes
	5 Conclusion
	References
Analysis of DSR Protocol in Varying Network Configurations
	1 Introduction
	2 Dynamic Source Routing
	3 Simulation Scenarios
	4 Performance Analysis
	5 Results
	6 Conclusion and Future Scope
	References
A Multilevel Secured Mechanism for Data Protection
	1 Introduction
	2 Literature Survey
	3 Proposed Mechanism
	4 Setup Parameters
	5 Result
	6 Conclusion
	References
Optimal AGC of Two-Area Multi-source Power System Incorporating ES Under Deregulated Environment
	1 Introduction
	2 System Models
	3 State Space Modeling
	4 Simulation Results and Analysis
		4.1 Comparison of System Performance with RFB
	5 Conclusion
	References
Real-Time Price-Based Optimal Energy Mix in Smart Distribution Network
	1 Introduction
	2 Problem Formulation
		2.1 Modeling of System Components
		2.2 Objective Function
		2.3 Operating Constraints
	3 Simulation Results and Discussion
		3.1 Overall Methodology
		3.2 System Data
		3.3 Simulation Studies
		3.4 Discussion
	4 Conclusion
	References
Path Planning of Quadrotor Using A* and LQR
	1 Introduction
	2 Backstepping Control of Quadrotor
	3 Path Planning of Quadrotor
	4 Results and Discussion
	5 Conclusion and Future Scope
	References
Studying the Effect of Heating on Synthesis of ZnO Nanoparticles Properties for Electromagnetic Applications
	1 Introduction
	2 Materials and Methods
		2.1 Sample Preparation
	3 Characterization
	4 Results and Discussion
		4.1 Ultra Violet and Visible Light Absorption (UV–Vis)
		4.2 Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR)
		4.3 Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM)
		4.4 X-Ray Diffraction Studies (XRD)
	5 Conclusion
	References
A Comparative Analysis of Chaotic and Quantum Chaotic Encryption Mechanisms
	1 Introduction
	2 Motivation and Contribution
	3 Cryptography Techniques
		3.1 Chaotic Scheme 2: Mixed Chaotic Maps Based Ecryption for High Crypto Secrecy
		3.2 Chaotic Scheme 3: A Image Encryption Algorithm Based on Chaotic Lorenz System and Novel Primitive Polynomial S-boxes
		3.3 Chaotic Scheme 4: Chaotic Based Lightweight Image Encryption Algorithm for Real-Time Application Systems
		3.4 Quantum-Chaotic Scheme 1: Robust Encryption of Quantum Medical Images
		3.5 Quantum Chaotic Scheme-2: Quantum Color Image Encryption Based on Multiple Discrete Chaotic systems
	4 Performance Metrics
	5 Set-Up Constraints
	6 Results
		6.1 Visual Assessment
		6.2 Histogram Analysis
		6.3 Correlation Coefficient
		6.4 Number of Pixel Change Rate (NPCR)
		6.5 Unified Averaged Changing Intensity (UACI)
		6.6 Information Entropy Analysis
		6.7 Mean Squared Error (MSE)
		6.8 Peak Signal to Noise Ratio (PSNR)
		6.9 Computational Time
	7 Conclusion and Future Scope
	References
Analyzing Chaos in SMIB Power System
	1 Introduction
	2 The SMIB Modeling and Chaotic Analysis
	3 Conclusion
	References
Hybrid AC/DC Microgrid Control and Management of Power Using Bidirectional AC/DC Converter by Autonomous Control Mode
	1 Introduction
	2 Introduction to Microgrid
	3 Introduction to AC Microgrid
	4 Introduction to DC Microgrid
	5 Hybrid AC-DC Microgrid
	6 Proposed System Modeling
	7 Modeling of the AC Microgrid
	8 Modeling of DC Microgrid
	9 Operation of Bidirectional AC/DC Converter
	10 Simulation Results
	11 Comparison of Existing System with References
	12 Conclusion
	References
Analysis of Intelligent Control of Irrigation System
	1 Introduction
	2 Implementation of Automatic Irrigation Control System
		2.1 Algorithm-Based Irrigation Control System
		2.2 Use of Linear Programming and Interpolation Methodology for Drip Irrigation System
		2.3 PID Controller-Based Irrigation Control System
		2.4 ANN-Based Irrigation Control System
		2.5 Irrigation Control System Using Fuzzy Logic
		2.6 Irrigation Control System Using PLC
		2.7 IoT and WSN Network-Based Irrigation Control System
	3 Conclusion
	References
A Recursive CEIEC Technique for Image Enhancement Employing Sharpening Filter
	1 Introduction
	2 Literature Review
	3 Proposed Model
		3.1 Sharpening Filter
		3.2 Local-Level Image Contrast Enhancement Based on Intensity Expansion-Compression (CEIEC)
	4 Simulation Setup Parameters
	5 Performance Analysis
	6 Results
	7 Conclusion
	References
Short-Term Wind Power Forecast Using Time Series Analysis: Auto-regressive Moving-average Model (ARMA)
	1 Introduction
	2 Time Series Analysis
		2.1 AR: Auto-Regressive
		2.2 Moving-Average (MA)
		2.3 Arma Model
		2.4 Importance of RMSE Values (Order Selection)
		2.5 Forecasting
		2.6 Flow Charts
	3 Results and Discussions
		3.1 Case Study 1: Considering One-Week Wind Power Data
		3.2 Case Study 2: Considering Two-Month Wind Power Data
	4 Conclusion
	References
Design and Analysis of EV Charging Station Using LLC Converter
	1 Introduction
	2 Types of Chargers
	3 Vienna Rectifier
	4 Input to Vienna Rectifier
	5 Output of Vienna Rectifier
	6 Full Bridge LLC Converter
	7 Construction of LLC Converters
	8 LLC’s Converters Used in Industry
	9 Advantages of LLC Bridge Converter
	10 Block Diagram
	11 Proposed Design
	12 Results
	13 Conclusion
	References
Cascaded Fuzzy and Three-Degree-of-Freedom Controller for Hybrid AGC Considering AC/DC Link
	1 Introduction
	2 System Investigated
	3 Proposed Controller
	4 Result and Analysis
		4.1 Polco-Based Transation (PBT) Case
		4.2 Bilateral-Based Transation (BBT) Case
		4.3 Contract Violation Transation (CVT) Case
		4.4 Comparison with Previous Literature on the Same Platform
	5 Conclusion
	References
Harmonic Performance Analysis for Different Loads with and Without PV
	1 Introduction
	2 System Description
		2.1 Source
		2.2 Inverter
		2.3 Inverter Control
		2.4 Harmonics and THD
	3 Simulations and Results
		3.1 Grid-Connected DC Voltage Source with Linear Load
		3.2 Grid-Connected DC Voltage Source with Non-linear Load
		3.3 Grid-Connected PV Source with Linear Load
		3.4 Grid-Connected PV Source with Non-linear Load
		3.5 Grid-Connected DC Source with Linear and Non-linear Load
		3.6 Grid-Connected PV Source with Linear and Non-linear Load
	4 Comparison of System with and Without PV in Terms of THD
	5 Conclusion
	References
Intelligent Planning of Multiple DG with Practical Load Models Using Metaheuristic Methods
	1 Introduction
	2 Problem Formulation
	3 Load Modelling
	4 Result Analysis
	5 Conclusion
	References
Modeling and Simulation of a Single-Phase Single-Stage Grid Connected PV System
	1 Introduction
	2 System Description
	3 Control Structure
		3.1 MPPT Control
		3.2 Grid Tied Inverter
		3.3 Filter
		3.4 Phase Locked Loop (PLL)
	4 Simulink Model
	5 Results and Discussion
	6 Conclusion
	References
Grid Integration of 3P3W Single-Stage Solar PV System Using Modified Digital Filter Control
	1 Introduction
	2 System Layout
	3 Control Approach
		3.1 MPPT Control
		3.2 VSC Control
	4 Simulation Results
		4.1 Steady State Condition
		4.2 Unbalanced Non-linear Load Condition
		4.3 Response Under Varying Insolation Level
		4.4 THD Analysis
	5 Conclusion
	References
Multi Terrain Motion Control Vehicle
	1 Introduction
	2 Design of Gesture Controlled Car
	3 Components of Gesture Controlled Vehicle
		3.1 Accelerometer and Arduino UNO
		3.2 Encoder
		3.3 RF Transmitter and Receiver
		3.4 Decoder
		3.5 Motor Driver
		3.6 Gear Motors
	4 Results and Discussions
	5 Conclusion
	References
Optimal Frequency Control of Micro-Grid System Using IPD−(1 + I) Controller
	1 Introduction
	2 System Configuration
		2.1 Power Deviations
		2.2 Frequency Deviations
	3 Control Strategy
		3.1 Fitness Function
	4 Imperialist Competitive Algorithm (ICA)
	5 Simulation Results and Analysis
		5.1 Simulation Results of Case 1
		5.2 Simulation Results of Case 2
	6 Conclusions
	References
Study of Polarization Effect in WDM Channels Network
	1 Introduction
		1.1 Research Gap and Motivation
	2 Theory
		2.1 Manifestation of Polarization in Optical Fiber
	3 Simulation Setup and Configuration
		3.1 Transmitter Section
		3.2 Fiber Section
		3.3 Receiver Section
	4 Results and Discussion
	5 Conclusion
	References
The Accomplishment of Quantum Key Distribution via BB84 Protocol with Optical Simulator
	1 Introduction
		1.1 Research Gap and Motivation
	2 Theory
		2.1 QKD Protocol (BB84) Undertakes the Below Three Stages
		2.2 Theorems
		2.3 Photon Polarization
	3 Quantum Key Distribution System
		3.1 Simple QKD Configuration
		3.2 BB84 Implementation
	4 Results
	5 Conclusion
	References
Grid Fault Ride Through Control of a Permanent Magnet Synchronous Generator based Wind Energy Conversion System
	1 Introduction
		1.1 Literature Review
		1.2 Research Gap and Motivation
		1.3 Contribution
	2 System Configuration
	3 Control Strategy
		3.1 DC Link Voltage Control
		3.2 Control for MPPT
	4 Results and Discussion for Normal Conditions
	5 Results and Discussion for Dynamic Conditions
	6 Conclusion
	References
DTMOS Based Squarer Circuit and Its Application in Controllable Gaussian Function Generator
	1 Introduction
	2 The Proposed Analog Squarer
		2.1 Proposed Analog Squarer Principle
	3 Application: Gaussian Function Generator
		3.1 Gaussian Function Generator Principle Designed Using Proposed Squarer
	4 Simulation Results
	5 Conclusion
	References
Low-Voltage Low-Power DTMOS Based Second Generation Voltage Conveyor: Features and Design
	1 Introduction
		1.1 VCII Characteristics
		1.2 Dynamic Threshold Mos Transistor
	2 Circuit Diagrams of Proposed Voltage Conveyors
		2.1 Proposed-I VCII
		2.2 Proposed-II VCII
	3 Simulations
	4 Conclusion
	References
A Novel Method to Power Losses Reduction in Radial Distribution System: A Multiobjective Generalized Particle Swarm Optimization (MOGEPSO)
	1 Introduction
		1.1 Motivation and Incitement
		1.2 Literature Review
		1.3 Contribution
		1.4 Paper Organization
	2 Problem Formulation
	3 Multiobjective Generalized Particle Swarm Optimization
		3.1 Multiobjective PSO Algorithm
	4 Experiment Study
	5 Conclusion
	References
The Uprising of Blockchain Technology in the Energy Market Industry
	1 Introduction
		1.1 Literature Review
		1.2 Research Gap and Motivation
		1.3 Contributions
		1.4 Paper Organisation
	2 The Fundamentals of Blockchains
		2.1 Defining a Blockchain
		2.2 Types of Blockchains
		2.3 The Key Principles of Blockchains
	3 The Emergence of Smart Contracts
		3.1 Improving the Traditional Contract
		3.2 The Inner Workings of Smart Contracts
		3.3 Operational Phases in Smart Contracts
		3.4 Smart Contract’s Lifecycle
	4 Demand Management Through Energy Markets
		4.1 The Need for Localised Energy Trading
		4.2 Technical Barriers Hindering P2P Trading
	5 Blockchain Technology in Energy Markets
		5.1 Present Research Development
		5.2 Conceptual Simulation of a P2P Energy Exchange
	6 Conclusion
	References
Performance of Nichrome/p-Si Schottky Diode
	1 Introduction
	2 Experimental
	3 Results and Discussion
		3.1 Conduction Mechanism in Fabricated Diode
	4 Conclusion
	References
Behaviour of SiC Schottky Diode Temperature Sensors in 200–600 K
	1 Introduction
	2 Device Design
	3 Results and Discussion
	4 Conclusions
	References
Investigation on Trench Edge Termination in SiC Based Power Device
	1 Introduction
	2 Device Structure
	3 Results and Discussion
	4 Conclusion
	References