Recent Advances in Dam Engineering

Foreword
Preface
Contents
About the Authors
Some Useful Conversion Factors
Abbreviations
Chapter 1: Introduction
	1.1 GENERAL
	1.2 HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT
		1.2.1 Development of Dams in India
	1.3 FUTURE OF DAM PROJECTS
	1.4 TYPES OF DAM PROJECTS
	1.5 CLASSIFICATION OF DAMS
	1.6 CHOICE OF TYPE OF DAM
	1.7 DAM AND ITS APPURTENANT WORKS
	1.8 HEIGHT OF DAM
	1.9 CHALLENGES IN DAM PROJECTS IN INDIA
	BIBLIOGRAPHY
Chapter 2: Concrete Dams
	2.1 INTRODUCTION
	2.2 TYPES OF CONCRETE DAMS
	2.3 DAM TYPES IN INDIA
	BIBLIOGRAPHY
Chapter 3: Concrete Gravity Dams
	3.1 GENERAL
	3.2 SELECTION OF DAM SITE
	3.3 SURVEY AND INVESTIGATIONS
		3.3.1 Topographical Surveys
		3.3.2 Hydrological Data and Analysis
		3.3.3 Geological Investigations
		3.3.4 Construction Material Survey
	3.4 LAYOUT OF DAM
		3.4.1 Overflow Section
		3.4.2 Non-Overflow Section
		3.4.3 Drainage Arrangement
		3.4.4 Galleries and Openings
	3.5 DESIGN OF DAM
		3.5.1 Concept and Criteria
		3.5.2 Forces Acting on the Dam
		3.5.3 Load Combinations
		3.5.4 Stability Analysis
		3.5.5 Principal, Normal Horizontal and Shear Stresses
		3.5.6 Principal Stresses on Dam Faces
		3.5.7 Internal Stresses
		3.5.8 Design of Opening and Galleries
	3.6 THERMAL STRESSES AND CONTROL
		3.6.1 Temperature Control
		3.6.2 Restraint Control
		3.6.3 Curing
		3.6.4 Temperature Distribution inside Gravity Dam
	3.7 DAMS ON PERVIOUS FOUNDATION
	APPENDIX
		Computing Stability Analysis and Principal Stresses in a Dam Section
	BIBLIOGRAPHY
Chapter 4: Roller Compacted Concrete Dams
	4.1 GENERAL
	4.2 RCC DAMS
	4.3 DESIGN APPROACHES IN RCC DAMS
	4.4 CONSIDERATIONS IN LAYOUT
	4.5 DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS
	4.6 RCC MATERIALS
	4.7 RCC MIX DESIGN
	4.8 CONSTRUCTION ASPECTS
	4.9 TEST SECTION
	4.10 RCC DAMS IN INDIA
	BIBLIOGRAPHY
Chapter 5: Embankment Dams
	5.1 GENERAL
	5.2 ORIGIN AND DEVELOPMENT
	5.3 SELECTION OF SITE
	5.4 TYPES OF EMBANKMENT DAMS
		5.4.1 Earth-Fill Dam
		5.4.2 Rockfill Dams
	5.5 METHOD OF CONSTRUCTION OF EMBANKMENT DAMS
		5.5.1 Hydraulic Fill Dams
		5.5.2 Rolled Earthfill Dam
		5.5.3 Dumped Rock-Fill Dams
	5.6 FACTORS INFLUENCING LOCATION, LAYOUT, SHAPE, TYPE AND DESIGN OF AN EMBANKMENT DAM
		5.6.1 Topography
		5.6.2 Foundation Conditions
		5.6.3 Material Availability
		5.6.4 Climate
		5.6.5 Spillway Location
		5.6.6 Outlet Works
		5.6.7 River Diversion
		5.6.8 Wave Action
		5.6.9 Time Schedule for Construction
		5.6.10 Function of a Reservoir
		5.6.11 Seismicity
		5.6.12 Future Raising
	5.7 BASIC DESIGN REQUIREMENTS
	5.8 GENERAL DESIGN FEATURES
		5.8.1 Side Slopes
		5.8.2 Filter
			5.8.2.1 Filter of Natural Granular Material
			5.8.2.2 Geotextile as Filter
		5.8.3 Crest Width and Camber
		5.8.4 Freeboard
		5.8.5 Slope Protection
	5.9 SEEPAGE THROUGH DAM BODY
		5.9.1 Phreatic Line
		5.9.2 Flow Net
		5.9.3 Determination of Phreatic Line in Dam Section
	5.10 SEEPAGE CONTROL THROUGH DAM BODY
	5.11 SLOPE STABILITY
		5.11.1 Approach for Stability Analysis
		5.11.2 Stages for Stability Analysis
		5.11.3 Pore Pressure
		5.11.4 Shear Strength of Soil
		5.11.5 Slip Surface
		5.11.6 Computation Method for Stability of Slopes
	BIBLIOGRAPHY
Chapter 6: Earthfill Dams
	6.1 GENERAL
	6.2 HOMOGENEOUS DAM SECTION
		6.2.1 Modified Homogeneous Type Dam
			6.2.1.1 Rock Toe
			6.2.1.2 Horizontal Drainage
	6.3 ZONED DAM SECTION
	6.4 CHOICE OF CONSTRUCTION MATERIAL
	6.5 SLOPE STABILITY
		6.5.1 Illustrative Example
		6.5.2 Recommended Dam Slopes
		6.5.3 Seismic Analysis for Slope Stability
	6.6 FILTER MATERIAL
	6.7 BERMS
	6.8 MEASURES AT INTERFACE WITH CONCRETE SURFACES
	BIBLIOGRAPHY
Chapter 7: Rockfill Dams
	7.1 GENERAL
	7.2 GENERAL FEATURES
	7.3 MERITS AND DEMERITS OF CFRD AND ECRD
	7.4 CONCRETE FACED ROCKFILL DAMS (CFRD)
		7.4.1 Toe Slab
		7.4.2 Face Slab
		7.4.3 Perimetral Joint
		7.4.4 Zoned Rockfill
		7.4.5 Asphaltic Concrete Membrane/Central Core
		7.4.6 CFRD in India
	7.5 EARTH CORE Rockfill DAMS (ECRD)
		7.5.1 Slope Stability Analysis
		7.5.2 Clay Core
	7.6 EXAMPLE OF DESIGN OF AN ECRD
		7.6.1 Design Aspects of Tehri Dam Section
		7.6.2 Seismic Analysis
	Bibliography
Chapter 8: Failure of Embankment Dams
	8.1 GENERAL
	8.2 EXAMPLES OF DAM FAILURE
	8.3 MACHHU DAM-II
	8.4 LESSONS FOR FUTURE
	BIBLIOGRAPHY
Chapter 9: Foundation Treatment of Dams
	9.1 GENERAL
	9.2 FOUNDATION TREATMENT FOR CONCRETE DAMS
		9.2.1 Normal Treatment
			9.2.1.1 Shaping of Foundation
			9.2.1.2 Dental Treatment
			9.2.1.3 Grouting
			9.2.1.4 Drainage
			9.2.1.5 Sequence of Foundation Treatment
		9.2.2 Site Specific Special Foundation Treatment
			9.2.2.1 Treating Weak Zones
			9.2.2.2 Treating Bedding Planes/Clay Seams
			9.2.2.3 Treating Complex Foundation
	9.3 FOUNDATION TREATMENT FOR ROCKFILL DAMS
		9.3.1 Concrete Faced Rockfil Dam (CFRD)
		9.3.2 Earth Core Rockfill Dam (ECRD)
			9.3.2.1 Treatment of Core Area
			9.3.2.2 Grouting
			9.3.2.3 Foundation Treatment of ECRD at Tehri
		9.3.3 Abutment Contact
		9.3.4 Treatment of Abutment
	9.4 FOUNDATION TREATMENT OF EARTHFILL DAMS
		9.4.1 Seepage Reducing Methods
			9.4.1.1 Cut-off
			9.4.1.2 Partial Cut-off
			9.4.1.3 Concrete Cut-off Walls or Diaphragm
			9.4.1.4 Slurry Trench Cut-offs
			9.4.1.5 Grouted Cutoff
			9.4.1.6 Upstream Impervious Blanket
		9.4.2 Drainage Methods
			9.4.2.1 Horizontal Drainage Blanket
			9.4.2.2 Toe Drains
			9.4.2.3 Relief Wells
		9.4.3 Treating Clay Foundations
	BIBLIOGRAPHY
Chapter 10: River Diversion
	10.1 GENERAL
	10.2 DIVERSION METHODS
		10.2.1 Single Stage Diversion
		10.2.2 Multi-stage Diversion
	10.3 DIVERSION DISCHARGE
	10.4 DIVERSION STRUCTURES
		10.4.1 Tunnels
		10.4.2 Culverts
		10.4.3 Channels
	10.5 COFFERDAMS
	10.6 RIVER CLOSURE
	10.7 OVERTOPPING OF COFFERDAMS
	10.8 CLOSURE OF DIVERSION WORKS
	10.9 EXAMPLES OF RIVER DIVERSION
	BIBLIOGRAPHY
Chapter 11: Hill Slope Stabilization at Dam and Power Projects in Himalayas
	11.1 GENERAL
	11.2 STABILIZING MEASURES
	11.3 ANCHORING
		11.3.1 Rock Bolting
		11.3.2 Pre-Stressed Anchors
	11.4 CASE STUDIES
		11.4.1 Nathpa Jhakri Hydro-Electric Project (1500 MW)
		11.4.2 Ichari Dam on River Tons
		11.4.3 Dharasu Power House
		11.4.4 Slope Stabilization at Tehri Dam
		11.4.5 A Review of Case Studies
	11.5 RESERVOIR RIM SLOPE STABILITY
	BIBLIOGRAPHY
Chapter 12: Reservoir Sedimentation
	12.1 GENERAL
	12.2 SILTING RATE
		12.2.1 Sediment Inflow
		12.2.2 Capacity Inflow Ratio
		12.2.3 Density of Sediment Deposits
	12.3 PATTERN OF SEDIMENT DEPOSITION IN RESERVOIRS
		12.3.1 Predicting Sediment Distribution
			12.3.1.1 Empirical Area Reduction Method
			12.3.1.2 Area-Increment Method
			12.3.1.3 Mathematical Models
	12.4 SEDIMENT CONTROL MEASURES (REF. 2, 12, 14)
		12.4.1 Reducing Sediment Yield from Catchment
		12.4.2 Reducing Sediment Influx in Reservoir
		12.4.3 Reducing Sediment Deposition in Reservoir
	12.5 REMOVAL OF DEPOSITED SEDIMENT
		12.5.1 Sediment Syphoning
		12.5.2 Excavation
		12.5.3 Dredging
	12.6 DECOMMISSIONING OF DAM
	BIBLIOGRAPHY
Chapter 13: Instrumentation
	13.1 GENERAL
	13.2 CONCRETE DAMS
		13.2.1 Types of Measurements
		13.2.2 Purpose of Measurements
		13.2.3 Measuring Instruments - Type, Choice, Location etc.
		13.2.4 Installation of Instruments
		13.2.5 Frequency of Measurement
		13.2.6 Example
		13.2.7 Recording, Monitoring and Evaluation
		13.2.8 Instrumentation in RCC Dams
	13.3 EMBANKMENT DAMS (I.S. 7436 - PART-1)
		13.3.1 Types of Measurements
		13.3.2 Types of Instruments
		13.3.3 Example
	13.4 CONCRETE FACED ROCKFILL DAMS (CFRD)
		13.4.1 Types of Instruments
		13.4.2 Instruments
		13.4.3 Example
	BIBLIOGRAPGHY
Chapter 14: Construction Aspects of Dams
	14.1 GENERAL
	14.2 CONCRETE DAMS
		14.2.1 Concrete
		14.2.2 The Construction Processes/Activities
		14.2.3 Concrete Production
			14.2.3.1 Ingredients of Concrete
			14.2.3.2 Handling of Concrete Ingredients (Materials)
			14.2.3.3 Batching and Mixing
			14.2.3.4 Precooling of Concrete Ingredients
			14.2.3.5 Quality of Concrete
		14.2.4 Transporting Concrete
		14.2.5 Placing Concrete
			14.2.5.1 Preparations before placing
			14.2.5.2 Placing of Concrete
		14.2.6 Curing
		14.2.7 Concreting in Spillway
		14.2.8 Roller Compacted Concrete Dam (RCC Dam)
	14.3 EMBANKMENT DAMS
		14.3.1 General
		14.3.2 Materials
		14.3.3 Activities Involved in Construction of an Embankment Dam
			14.3.3.1 Borrow Areas
			14.3.3.2 Main Activities in Construction
			14.3.3.3 Earth Moving Equipment
			14.3.3.4 Guidelines for Selection of Earth Moving Equipment
			14.3.3.5 Planning Earth Moving Equipment through Systems Approach
		14.3.4 Construction of Zoned Embankment
			14.3.4.1 Clay Core
			14.3.4.2 Filter
			14.3.4.3 Shell Material
			14.3.4.4 Rip-rap
		14.3.5 Quality Control
		14.3.6 Examples of Equipment Used on Earth and Rockfill Dams
			14.3.6.1 Salal Dam
			14.3.6.2 Tehri Dam
		14.3.7 Concrete Faced Rockfill Dam (CFRD)
	BIBLIOGRAPHY
Chapter 15: Dams and the Environmental Issues
	15.1 GENERAL
	15.2 ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS OF RESERVOIRS
	15.3 ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT OF DAMS IN INDIA
	15.4 PRESENT STATUS REGARDING ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES OF DAMS
	15.5 BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT STUDIES OF DAMS IN INDIA
		15.5.1 Tehri Dam Project
		15.5.2 Kirthai-I Hydroelectric Project
	BIBLIOGRAPHY
Chapter 16: Dam Safety
	16.1 GENERAL
	16.2 REVIEW OF DESIGN FLOOD
	16.3 STRUCTURAL REVIEW
	16.4 INSPECTION, OPERATION AND MAINTENANCE
		16.4.1 Inspection and Maintenance of Embankment Dams
		16.4.2 Inspection and Maintenance of Concrete Dams
		16.4.3 Inspection and Maintenance of Mechanical Equipment
	16.5 SAFETY CORRECTIONS
	16.6 EMERGENCY PREPAREDNESS
	BIBLIOGRAPHY
Index