Recent Advancements in Civil Engineering: Select Proceedings of ACE 2020

Preface
Contents
About the Editors
1 Utilising BIM in Construction Safety Planning: A Systematic Review
	Abstract
	1 Introduction
	2 Research Methodology
	3 Results and Discussion
		3.1 Safety Planning
		3.2 Highlights of the BIM-Based Safety Studies
	4 Conclusion
	References
2 Exploring Regulation of Entry in the Construction Sector in South Africa
	Abstract
	1 Introduction
	2 Literature Review
	3 Regulation of Entry in Construction Sector
	4 Discussion
	5 Conclusions
	References
3 Benefits of BIM in Reducing Errors in Indian Construction Projects
	Abstract
	1 Introduction
	2 Errors in a Construction Project
	3 Benefits of BIM in the Indian Context
	4 Methodology
	5 Data Analysis
		5.1 Severity Index of Errors
		5.2 Chi-Square Goodness-for-Fit Test
		5.3 Cluster Analysis
	6 Conclusion
	References
4 Stakeholder Management in Public–Private–Partnership Projects: A Review
	Abstract
	1 Introduction
	2 Typical PPP Procurement Process
	3 Stakeholder Management
	4 Stakeholder Engagement Strategies for PPP Projects
	5 Conclusions
	References
5 The Role of a Quantity Surveyor Throughout the Lifecycle of a Construction Project
	Abstract
	1 Introduction
	2 Structure of the Paper
	3 Literature Review
	4 Methodology
	5 Data Collection
	6 Results and Discussion
		6.1 Competencies
		6.2 Team Info
		6.3 QS Professional Info
		6.4 Tools Info
	7 Conclusion
	References
6 Smart Cities in the Development of Sustainable Infrastructure—Systematic Literature Review of Two Decades Research
	Abstract
	1 Introduction
	2 Research Methodology
	3 Findings
		3.1 Publication Numbers Through the years
		3.2 Journals
		3.3 Research Areas
		3.4 Research Origins
		3.5 List of Most Cited Papers
	4 Discussion of Trends and Major Findings
	5 Conclusion
	References
7 Assessing the Effect of Audit Compliance, Conflict Management and Bureaucratic Attitude on the Success of Public Projects
	Abstract
	1 Introduction
	2 Literature Review
	3 Research Methodology
	4 Data Analysis
	5 Discussions
		5.1 Conflict Management
		5.2 Bureaucratic Attitude
		5.3 Insignificant Construct
	6 Conclusion
	References
8 The Rhetoric of Smart City—A Conceptual Critique of Indian and the US Developments
	Abstract
	1 Introduction
	2 Research Methodology
	3 Findings of Indian and the US Agenda of Smart Cities
		3.1 India
		3.2 USA
	4 Way Forward
		4.1 Empirical Directions
		4.2 Theoretical Directions
		4.3 Theoretical and Practical Contributions
	5 Conclusions
	References
9 COVID-19: Claims and Dispute Management in Construction
	Abstract
	1 Introduction
	2 Literature Study
		2.1 Research Gap
	3 Claims Due to COVID-19
		3.1 Delay and Disruption
		3.2 Suspension
		3.3 Termination
	4 Data Collection and Analysis
	5 Procedure and Provisions to Claim EOT
		5.1 Identify the Cause of Delay
		5.2 Delay Notice
		5.3 Delay Analysis
		5.4 Presentation of Claim
		5.5 Client/Consultant
		5.6 Time Impact Analysis for a Sample Project
			5.6.1 Step 1: Develop a Schedule Delay Fragnet
			5.6.2 Step 2: Most Recently Updated Schedule
			5.6.3 Step 3: Insert Fragnet into the Updated Schedule
			5.6.4 Step 4: Insert Durations of Delay
			5.6.5 Step 5: Identify the Activities Causing Delay
			5.6.6 Step 6: Determine the Time Impact of Delay Event
			5.6.7 Step 7: Identify the Actual Dates of Delay
		5.7 The Advantage of Time Impact Analysis Method
		5.8 Disadvantages of TIA
		5.9 Provisions for Claiming Under FIDIC and Indian Contract Act
	6 Conclusion
		6.1 Limitations
		6.2 Future Scope of Research
	References
10 Factors Affecting Delays in Infrastructure Construction Projects
	Abstract
	1 Introduction
	2 Indian Scenario in Construction Delays
	3 Literature Review
	4 Methodology
	5 Data Collection
	6 Classification of Sample Data
	7 Data Analysis
	8 Conclusions and Discussion
	References
11 Model to Predict Additional Usable Carpet Area in Building Redevelopment Projects of Housing Societies in Mumbai City
	Abstract
	1 Introduction
	2 Literature Review
		2.1 Review of Literature Studied
			2.1.1 Feasibility of Building Redevelopment Projects
			2.1.2 Financial Feasibility of Building Redevelopment Projects
	3 Methodology Adopted
	4 Data Collection and Analysis
		4.1 Financial Feasibility of Two Building Redevelopment Projects
		4.2 Case Study 1
		4.3 Case Study-2
		4.4 Proposed Mathematical Model of Area Factor to Predict Additional Carpet Area
		4.5 Sensitivity Analysis and Limitations of Mathematical Model
		4.6 Application of Mathematical Model to Arrive at Additional Carpet Area
	5 The Most Important Finding and Summary of Findings
	6 Conclusions
	References
12 An Exploratory Study on Mental Well-Being of Employees in Construction Organisations
	Abstract
	1 Introduction
	2 Literature Review
		2.1 Impact of HRM Practices on Performance
		2.2 Role of Mental Well-being of Employees on Performance
		2.3 Summary of Literature Review
	3 Problem Description
	4 Research Methodology
	5 Data Collection, Analysis and Results
		5.1 Data Collection
		5.2 Data Analysis and Results
	6 Discussions
	7 Summary and Conclusions
	References
13 Evaluation of Bid in Construction Industry Based on Multi-criteria Approach Using TOPSIS
	Abstract
	1 Introduction
	2 Literature Review
	3 Research Methodology
		3.1 Stage I Selection of Key Parameters
		3.2 Stage II Assigning Weight to Key Parameters
		3.3 Stage III Bid Data Creation
		3.4 Stage IV Matrix Creation and Evaluation Using TOPSIS
	4 Result and Discussion
	5 Conclusions
	References
14 Assessing the Critical Success Factors for PWD Projects in Rural Area
	Abstract
	1 Introduction
	2 Literature Review
	3 Research Methodology
	4 Analysis and Results
	5 Discussion
		5.1 Client’s Preparedness
		5.2 Employee Training
		5.3 Project Manager’s Competency
		5.4 Contractor’s Efficiency
		5.5 Project Management
		5.6 External Environment
		5.7 Transparent Procurement
	6 Conclusion
	References
15 Compressive Strength of Concrete Using Recycled Glass and Red Ash as a Partial Replacement of Fine Aggregate (Experimental Investigation)
	Abstract
	1 Introduction
		1.1 Back Ground of the Study
		1.2 Statement of the Problem
		1.3 Objective of the Study
	2 Materials
	3 Testing Arrangement
		3.1 Batching of Materials
		3.2 Test for Workability of Concrete
		3.3 Test for Compressive Strength of Concrete
	4 Test Results and Discussions
		4.1 General
		4.2 Test Results of Concrete
			4.2.1 Properties of Fresh Concrete
			4.2.2 Properties of Hardened Concrete
	5 Conclusion
	References
16 Flow and Strength Characteristics of CLSM Using Gypsum Dry Wall
	Abstract
	1 Introduction
	2 Material and Methods
	3 Mix Proportions
		3.1 Compressive Strength
		3.2 Flowability
		3.3 Density
		3.4 Initial Setting Time
	4 Conclusions
	References
17 Experimental Investigations on Stabilized Mud Blocks Enriched with Steel Slag for Sustainable Construction
	Abstract
	1 Introduction
	2 Material Properties and Methodology
		2.1 Material Properties
			2.1.1 Characteristics of Cement and Fly Ash
			2.1.2 Soil Characteristics
			2.1.3 Characteristics of Steel Slag and River Sand
		2.2 Methodology
			2.2.1 Mix Design of Adobe Blocks
			2.2.2 Proportioning
			2.2.3 Casting and Curing
			2.2.4 Experimental Investigation
	3 Results
		3.1 Compression Test
		3.2 Embodied Energy
	4 Conclusions and Recommendations for the Future Work
	References
18 Sustainable Construction Using Steel FRP Composites
	Abstract
	1 Introduction
	2 Experimental Program
		2.1 Experimental Program for SPFRC
		2.2 Materials and Tests
	3 Conclusions
	References
19 Development of Mix Design and Correlation Studies Between Mechanical Properties of Ternary Blended High-Strength Concrete
	Abstract
	1 Introduction
	2 Materials and Mix Proportions
		2.1 Cement and Supplementary Cementitious Materials
		2.2 Aggregates
		2.3 Superplasticizer
		2.4 Mix Proportions
	3 Mixing Procedure and Specimen Preparation
	4 Testing Procedures
	5 Test Results and Discussions
		5.1 Compressive Strength
		5.2 Tensile Strength
		5.3 Flexural Strength
	6 Conclusions and Recommendations
	References
20 Effect of Aggregate Gradation on Mechanical Properties of Pervious Concrete
	Abstract
	1 Introduction
	2 Experimental Program
		2.1 Materials and Properties
			2.1.1 Coarse Aggregate
			2.1.2 Fine Aggregate
		2.2 Mix Design and Test Methods
			2.2.1 Permeability Test
	3 Results and Discussion
		3.1 Compressive Strength
		3.2 Flexural Strength
		3.3 Comparison Between Compressive Strength and Permeability
	4 Conclusions
	Acknowledgements
	References
21 Artificial Neural Network (ANN) Models for Prediction of Steel Fibre-Reinforced Concrete Strength
	Abstract
	1 Introduction
		1.1 Artificial Neural Network Simulation
		1.2 Artificial Neural Network Simulation [10]
	2 Procedure for Artificial Neural Network Phenomenon
	3 Conclusions
	References
22 Recycling Potential of Sugarcane Biomass Ash as an Improved Pozzolanic Binder and Sustainable Masonry Product
	Abstract
	1 Introduction
	2 Methodology Adopted
		2.1 Characterization of Raw Material
		2.2 Development of an Improved Pozzolanic Binder
			2.2.1 Pozzolanicity Methods
		2.3 Development of Composite Bricks
			2.3.1 Experimentation Methods of Developed Bricks
	3 Results and Discussion
		3.1 Physico-chemical Characterization of Raw Material
		3.2 Pozzolanicity Characterization
		3.3 Bricks Characterization
			3.3.1 Physico-mechanical Properties
	4 Conclusions
	Acknowledgements
	References
23 Application of Biocementation for Augmentation of Mechanical Properties of Fly Ash Concrete
	Abstract
	1 Introduction
	2 Materials Used and Methodology
		2.1 Cement, Aggregates, Water and Fly Ash
		2.2 Bacterial Source, Bacterial Solution and Control 1 Solution
		2.3 Specimen Preparation
	3 Results and Discussion
		3.1 Compressive Strength
		3.2 Water Absorption
		3.3 Split Tensile Strength Test and Flexural Strength Test
		3.4 Ultrasonic Pulse Velocity (UPV) Test
		3.5 Statistical Analysis
		3.6 Durability Tests
		3.7 Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) Analysis
		3.8 Energy Dispersive X-Ray (EDX) Analysis
		3.9 X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) Analysis
	4 Discussion
	5 Conclusions
	References
24 Mechanical Properties of Polypropylene Fiber-Reinforced Geopolymer Composites: A Review
	Abstract
	1 Introduction
	2 Compressive Strength
	3 Flexural Strength
	4 Tensile Strength
	5 Elastic Modulus
	6 Fracture Properties: Ultimate Load Capacity, Ductility
	7 Conclusions
	References
25 Study on Energy Requirements of Building Envelope Developed from Glass Powder Foamed Geopolymer Blocks
	Abstract
	1 Introduction
	2 Materials and Methods
	3 Results and Discussion
	References
26 Pozzolanic Rendering of Lime Sludge and Sandstone Reject Blend
	Abstract
	1 Introduction
	2 Material and Methodology
		2.1 Materials
		2.2 Methodology
	3 Results and Discussion
		3.1 Particle Size Distribution
		3.2 Physical Properties
		3.3 Pozzolanic Activity
		3.4 Compressive Strength of Concrete
	4 Conclusion
	References
27 Use of Fly Ash and Bottom Ash in Lieu of Natural River Sand in Pavement Quality Concrete Dosed with a New Generation Superplasticizer (Master FlyAsh)
	Abstract
	1 Introduction
	2 Materials and Mix Design
	3 Experimental Investigation
	4 Results and Discussions
	5 Case Study at NTPC Khargone
		5.1 Works Carried Out at NTPC Khargone
	6 Summary and Conclusions
	References
28 Effect of Biocementation on Concrete using Different Calcium Sources
	Abstract
	1 Introduction
	2 Methodology
		2.1 Preparation of Bacterial Solution
		2.2 Control I Solution Preparation
		2.3 Raw Materials and Concrete Mix Design
		2.4 Specimen Preparation
		2.5 Curing Conditions
	3 Results
		3.1 Compressive Strength Test
		3.2 Water Absorption Capacity
		3.3 Scanning Electron Microscopy Analysis
	4 Discussion
	5 Conclusion
	References
29 Bamboo-Reinforced Concrete Lintel—A Sustainable Approach
	Abstract
	1 Introduction
	2 Experimental Program
		2.1 Selection of Bamboo Culms and Preparation of Bamboo-Reinforced Concrete Lintels
		2.2 Method of Test—Bamboo Specimens and Bamboo-Reinforced Concrete Lintels
	3 Results and Discussion
	4 Conclusion
	Acknowledgements
	References
30 Experimental Investigation on Mechanical and Durability Properties of Basalt Fibre-Reinforced Concrete
	Abstract
	1 Introduction
	2 Research Significance
	3 Experimental Work
		3.1 Materials and Properties
			3.1.1 Cement
			3.1.2 Aggregates
			3.1.3 Basalt Fibre
		3.2 Mixing, Placing and Compaction
		3.3 Methods and Testing
	4 Results and Discussion
		4.1 Mechanical Properties
			4.1.1 Workability
			4.1.2 Compressive Strength
			4.1.3 Flexure and Split Tensile Strength
			4.1.4 Bond Strength
		4.2 Durability Properties
			4.2.1 Rapid Chloride Permeability Test
			4.2.2 Abrasion Resistance of Concrete
			4.2.3 Acid Resistance
	5 Conclusions
	References
31 Using Isothermal Calorimetry to Predict Setting Time of Cement-Based Materials (CBMs)
	Abstract
	1 Introduction
	2 Experimental Investigation
		2.1 Research Programme
		2.2 Test Method
			2.2.1 Setting Time from Rate of Heat Evolution Curve
	3 Results and Discussion
		3.1 Effect of w/c Ratio on Setting Time
		3.2 Relationship Between Setting Time
	4 Conclusions
	Acknowledgements
	References
32 State of the Art: Ultra-High-Performance Concrete: From Fundamental to Applications
	Abstract
	1 Introduction
	2 Definition and Development of UHPC
	3 Fundamentals of UHPC
	4 UHPC Mixtures
	5 Applications of UHPC
		5.1 Infrastructures
		5.2 Construction of Building Components
		5.3 Non-structural Elements
	6 Future Challenges and Gaps Identified
	7 Conclusions
	References
33 The Potential Use of Waste Paper Sludge for Sustainable Production of Concrete—A Review
	Abstract
	1 Introduction
	2 Physical Properties of WPSA
	3 Environmental Significance
	4 Chemical Composition
	5 Results and Discussions
		5.1 Influence of WPSA on the Properties of Blended Cement Paste and Concrete
			5.1.1 Consistency
			5.1.2 Initial and Final Setting Times
			5.1.3 Workability
			5.1.4 Compressive Strength
			5.1.5 Split Tensile Strength
			5.1.6 Flexural Strength
			5.1.7 Water Absorption
	6 Economic Feasibility
	7 Conclusions
	References
34 Monitoring Heavy Metals Concentrations in a Natural Wetland and Aquatic Plant Eichhornia Crassipes for Assessment of Its Biomonitoring Potential
	Abstract
	1 Introduction
	2 Materials and Methods
		2.1 Study Area
		2.2 Sampling and Laboratory Analyzes
		2.3 Statistical Processing
	3 Results and Discussion
		3.1 Heavy Metals in Sediments and Plant Samples
		3.2 Bioconcentration and Translocation Factors
	4 Conclusion
	References
35 Removal of Pb(II) Ion from Aqueous Phase Under Uncontrolled and Controlled pH Conditions by Granular Activated Alumina
	Abstract
	1 Introduction
	2 Experimental
		2.1 Material
		2.2 Methods
		2.3 Pb(II) Availability with Variation in Solution pH
		2.4 Effect of Contact Time on Pb(II) Ion Concentration Remaining in the Aqueous Phase Under Uncontrolled and Controlled pH Conditions
		2.5 Kinetics of Pb(II) Removal Under Uncontrolled and Controlled pH Conditions
		2.6 Equilibrium Studies for Pb(II) Removal Under Uncontrolled and Controlled pH Conditions
	3 Results and Discussion
		3.1 Pb(II) Availability with Variations in Solution pH
		3.2 Effect of Contact Time on Pb(II) Ion Concentration Remaining in the Aqueous Phase Under Uncontrolled and Controlled pH Conditions
		3.3 Kinetics of Pb(II) Uptake/removal Under Uncontrolled and Controlled pH Conditions
		3.4 Equilibrium Studies for Pb(II) Uptake/removal Under Uncontrolled and Controlled pH Conditions
	4 Conclusions
	References
36 Assessment of Particulate Exposure in Different Transport Medium at Two Contrasting Land Uses of Bangalore
	Abstract
	1 Introduction
	2 Methodology
		2.1 Study Area Description
		2.2 Instrumentation, Sampling and Analysis
		2.3 Quantification of Cancer Risk
		2.4 Source Identification Through Enrichment Factor
		2.5 Quality Assurance and Control
	3 Results and Discussion
		3.1 Variation of PM5 Exposure in Auto, Bus and Bike
		3.2 Exposure Analysis During Different Window Condition
		3.3 Variation of PM5 Bound Metal Exposure in Auto, Bus and Bike
		3.4 Cancer Risk Assessment of Heavy Metals
		3.5 Estimation of Enrichment Factor
	4 Conclusions
	References
37 Adsorption of 2-Picoline on Tea Waste: Studies on Characteristics of Adsorbent and Effects on Various Adsorption Parameters
	Abstract
	1 Introduction
	2 Materials and Methods
		2.1 Adsorbate
		2.2 Adsorbent
		2.3 Analytical Measurement
		2.4 Batch Adsorption Study
	3 Result and Discussion
		3.1 Adsorbent Characterization
		3.2 Effect of Dose (m) of TWAC
		3.3 Effect of pH0
		3.4 Effect of Contact Time (t)
		3.5 Effect of Initial Concentration (C0) and Temperature (T)
		3.6 Adsorption Isotherms
	4 Conclusions
	References
38 Evaluation of Groundwater Quality Using Water Quality Index (WQI) in Ambedkar Nagar City, Uttar Pradesh, India
	Abstract
	1 Introduction
	2 Study Area
	3 Materials and Methods
		3.1 Sampling Procedure and Laboratory Analysis of Water Samples
		3.2 Estimation of Water Quality Index (WQI)
	4 Results and Discussion
		4.1 Major Ions Chemistry
		4.2 Water Quality Index (WQI) of the Study Area
	5 Conclusion
	References
39 Performance Evaluation of Electrocoagulation with Hybrid Electrodes in the Decolourisation of Methyl Orange Dye
	Abstract
	1 Introduction
	2 Materials and Methods
	3 Results and Discussion
		3.1 Effect of Method of Mixing Mechanism
		3.2 Effect of Reaction Time
		3.3 Consumption of Electric Energy
		3.4 Metal Consumption
		3.5 Selection of Suitable Material Combination
	4 Conclusions
	References
40 Spatial and Temporal Distribution of Ions in Groundwater of the Dimoria Block of Kamrup Metropolitan District of Assam, India Using Geographic Information System
	Abstract
	1 Introduction
	2 Materials and Methodologies
		2.1 Study Area
		2.2 Data Procurement
		2.3 GIS Based Analysis
	3 Results and Discussion
	4 Conclusions
	References
41 Fuzzy Random Uncertainty-Based Design of Water Distribution Network Using Cross-Entropy Optimization
	Abstract
	1 Introduction
	2 Methodology
		2.1 Basic Concept of Fuzzy Random Approach
		2.2 Application of the Methodology in Design of WDNs
		2.3 Objective Function
	3 Case Study
		3.1 Two-Loop Network
		3.2 Hanoi Benchmark Network
	4 Results and Discussion
	5 Conclusion
	References
42 Efficient Division of Water Distribution Network into District Metered Areas: Application to Ramnagar Subzone of Nagpur City
	Abstract
	1 Introduction
	2 Methodology
		2.1 Mapping the Water Distribution Network as a Graph (Initialization)
		2.2 Communities Identification (Clustering Phase)
		2.3 Cost Effective Design of the DMAs (Sectorization Phase)
		2.4 Performance Evaluation
	3 Case Study
	4 Results and Discussion
	5 Conclusions
	References
43 Impact of Lockdown on Ambient Air Quality in Nagpur Due to COVID-19 Pandemic
	Abstract
	1 Introduction
	2 Materials and Methods
		2.1 Monitoring Sites
		2.2 Sampling and Analysis of Pollutants
		2.3 Air Quality Index (AQI)
	3 Results and Discussion
		3.1 Concentration of Pollutants in Residential Location
		3.2 Concentration of Pollutants at Industrial Location
		3.3 Concentration of Pollutants at Commercial Location
		3.4 Air Quality Index (AQI)
	4 Conclusion
	Acknowledgments
	References
44 Experimental Assessment of Natural Ventilation as a Mitigation Measure for Indoor Air Pollution Problem
	Abstract
	1 Introduction
	2 Materials and Methods
		2.1 Indoor Air Pollution Sources
		2.2 Indoor Air Quality Monitoring Setup
		2.3 Sampling and Analysis
	3 Health Risk Assessment
		3.1 Average Daily Dose (ADD)
	4 Results and Discussions
		4.1 PM Concentrations
		4.2 Health Risk
			4.2.1 Average Daily Dose (ADD)
	5 Conclusion
	Acknowledgements
	References
45 Impact of Different Mode of Electrode Connection on Performance of Hybrid Electrocoagulation Unit Treating Greywater
	Abstract
	1 Introduction
	2 Materials and Methods
		2.1 Greywater Influents Samples
		2.2 Experimental Set-up
		2.3 Preparation of Filter Bed
		2.4 Analytical Studies
	3 Result and Discussion
		3.1 Effects of Different Electrode Pairs
		3.2 Effect of Applied Voltages and Operating Time Along with Filtration Mechanism
		3.3 Effect of Electrode Material and Electrode Gap
		3.4 Effect of Electrode Mode
		3.5 Effect of pH
	4 Operating Cost Estimation
	5 Conclusion
	References
46 Numerical Simulation of Drive-Drill-Drive Techniques for Open-Ended Pile Installations
	Abstract
	1 Introduction
	2 Theoretical Framework
	3 Numerical Methodology
	4 Results
		4.1 Comparison with GRLWEAP
		4.2 Drill Variations Results
	5 Conclusions
	References
47 Effect of Anthropogenic and Natural Activities on a Rock Slope Failure Using Rate, State, Temperature and Pore Pressure Friction
	Abstract
	1 Introduction
	2 The Rate, State, Temperature and Pore Pressure Friction (RSTPF) Model
	3 Results and Discussion
		3.1 Effect of Initial Creep Velocity on Time of Failure of the Rock Slope
		3.2 Effect of Change in Gravitational Stress on Time of Failure of the Rock Slope
		3.3 Effect of Change in Initial Pore Pressure Time of Failure of the Rock Slope
	4 Conclusions
	Acknowledgements
	References
48 Investigation on Behaviour of Open-Ended Driven Piles in Different Cohesionless Soils Using Image-Based Measurements
	Abstract
	1 Introduction
	2 Literature Review
	3 Methodology
	4 Experimental Work
		4.1 Materials Used
		4.2 Model Pile
		4.3 Test Tank
		4.4 Test Setup and Loading Arrangement
	5 Results and Discussions
		5.1 Variation of Engineering Strain (Shear Strain) for Natural Sand, Quarry Dust and Crushed Stone (2.36 mm – 4.75 mm) for Pluviation Height Fall of 15 cm
	6 Conclusions
	7 Scope of Future Study
	References
49 Investigation of Gabion Wall Failures and Recommendations
	Abstract
	1 Introduction
	2 Field Investigation
		2.1 Design Verification
		2.2 Failure Reasons and Effects
		2.3 Modification Recommended to Avoid Above Failures Are as Follows
			2.3.1 Cracks in Backfill
			2.3.2 Erosion of Soft Stone
			2.3.3 Erosion of Foundation Soil
			2.3.4 Corrosion of Wire
			2.3.5 Bulging of Wall
	3 Other Observations
	4 Conclusions
	Acknowledgements
	References
50 Determination of Resilient Modulus of Layered Bio-stabilized Soil
	Abstract
	1 Introduction
	2 Materials and Methodology
		2.1 Methodology
		2.2 Material Characterization
	3 Laboratory Studies
		3.1 Effect of Layer Thickness on Bearing Ratio
		3.2 Variation in Resilient Modulus
		3.3 Determination of Pavement Thickness
	4 Mechanism of Terrazyme Stabilization
	5 Conclusions
	References
51 Development of a Plastic-Coated Natural Fibre Reinforcement for Geotechnical Applications
	Abstract
	1 Introduction
	2 Materials and Methods
	3 Experimental Investigations
	4 Results and Discussion
	5 Conclusions
	Acknowledgements
	References
52 An Experimental Study of Unreinforced and Reinforced Soil Slope Under Static Loading
	Abstract
	1 Introduction
	2 Materials
		2.1 Model Box
		2.2 Slope Material
		2.3 Nails
		2.4 Strain Gauges
		2.5 Digital Multimeter
		2.6 Universal Testing Machine
	3 Construction of Unreinforced and Reinforced Soil Slopes
	4 Testing Procedure
	5 Test Results
	6 Conclusions
	References
53 EPS-Based Lightweight Geomaterial—A Review
	Abstract
	1 Introduction
	2 Components of EPS Composite Geomaterial
	3 Engineering Properties of Geomaterial
		3.1 Unit Weight
		3.2 Strength of Geomaterial
	4 Applications and Case Studies
	References
54 Laboratory Investigation on Dynamic Small-Strain Shear Modulus of Fly Ash Stabilized Expansive Soil
	Abstract
	1 Introduction
	2 Experimental Investigations
		2.1 Materials
		2.2 Experimental Test Setup
	3 Results
		3.1 Effect of Fly Ash Percentage on Free Swell Index (FSI)
		3.2 Effect of Fly Ash Addition on Small-Strain Shear Modulus of Soil
	4 Conclusion
	Acknowledgements
	References
55 Macroscopic Analysis of Traffic Flow Behaviour on Multilane Highways Under Heterogeneous Traffic Conditions
	Abstract
	1 Introduction
	2 Review of Literature
	3 Field Data Collection
	4 Data Extraction
	5 Results and Analysis
	6 Estimation of PCU Factors
	7 Estimation of Capacity
	8 Simulation
	9 Conclusions
	References
57 Solving Fuzzy Shortest Path Problem with Decision Maker’s Perspective
	Abstract
	1 Introduction
	2 Preliminaries and Concepts
		2.1 Fuzzy Set [17]
		2.2 Fuzzy Number [18]
		2.3 Triangular Fuzzy Number [18]
		2.4 Interval Type 2 Triangular Fuzzy Number [19]
		2.5 Arithmetic Operations on IT2TFNS
		2.6 Parametric Graded Mean Integration Representation [19]
		2.7 Distance and Similarity Measure Between Two IT2TFNs
	3 The Value Judgement Index for Comparison of Two IT2TFNs
		3.1 Preference Ordering According to Pessimistic DM’s Perspective
		3.2 Effect of Decision Maker on the Degree of Rejection
	4 Methodology
		4.1 Problem Description
		4.2 Mathematical Model
		4.3 Algorithm for Fuzzy Shortest Path
	5 Numerical Example
	6 Conclusion
	References
58 Split Tensile Behavior of HCFA Based SCC Including CBA and RCA
	Abstract
	1 Introduction
	2 Research Significance
	3 Materials
		3.1 Portland Cement
		3.2 Fly Ash
		3.3 Natural Fine Aggregates
		3.4 Coal Bottom Ash
		3.5 Natural Coarse Aggregates
		3.6 Water
		3.7 Recycled Concrete Aggregates
	4 Mix Details and Proportion
	5 Specimen Details and Test Setup
	6 Results and Discussion
	7 Conclusions
	Acknowledgements
	References
59 Economic Strategies to Alleviate Traffic Congestion: Evidences from an Indian City
	Abstract
	1 Introduction
	2 Congestion Cost Quantification
	3 Methodology
	4 Study Area
	5 Data Collection and Analysis
		5.1 Computation of Traffic Volume
		5.2 Estimation of Delay
		5.3 Computation of Passenger Occupancy
		5.4 Computation of Value of Travel Time
	6 Cost Estimation
	7 Relief Measure Proposal
	8 Benefit-Cost Analysis
	9 Conclusion
	Acknowledgements
	References
60 Performance of Geogrid Reinforced Asphalt Layers—A Review
	Abstract
	1 Introduction
	2 Geosynthetic Interlayers
	3 Geogrids
	4 Geogrid Reinforced Asphalt Layers
	5 Literature Review
		5.1 Nithin et al. [5]
		5.2 Kumar and Saride [6]
		5.3 Kumar and Saride [7]
		5.4 Loana et al. [5]
		5.5 Zofka et al. [8]
		5.6 Canestrari et al. [9]
		5.7 Norambuena-Contreras and Gonzalez-Torre [10]
		5.8 Emiliano et al. [11]
		5.9 Lubinda et al. [12]
		5.10 Fereidoon et al. [13]
		5.11 Ferrotti et al. [14]
		5.12 Millien et al. [15]
		5.13 Ferrotti et al. [16]
		5.14 Zamora-Barraza et al. [17]
		5.15 Virgili et al. [1]
	6 Observations and Analysis
	7 Conclusions
	References
61 Study on Travel Time Characteristics of Hubli-Dharwad Bus Rapid Transit System in Comparison with Heterogeneous Traffic Lane
	Abstract
	1 Introduction
	2 Literature Review
	3 Methodology and Data Collection
		3.1 Study Area
		3.2 Data Collection
	4 Methodology and Data Collection
		4.1 Selection of Passenger Car Unit (PCU) Values for Different Vehicles
		4.2 Calculation of Journey Speed for Moving Car
	5 Results and Discussion
		5.1 Journey Speed, Running Speed and Free-Flow Speed of Moving Car
		5.2 Journey Speed, Running Speed and Free-Flow Speed of BRT Buses
		5.3 Travel Time of BRT Buses and Moving Car
		5.4 Journey Speed of BRT Bus and Moving Car
		5.5 Running Speed of BRT Bus and Moving Car
	6 Conclusions
	References
62 Reuse of Crushed Concrete in Granular Sub-Base in Pavements
	Abstract
	1 Introduction
	2 Material and Methodology
	3 Test Procedure
		3.1 Optimum Moisture Content (OMC)
		3.2 California Bearing Ratio (CBR)
			3.2.1 Preparation and Testing of Samples
	4 Test Results
	5 Conclusion
	References
63 Industrial Waste Utilization in Road Construction: A Review
	Abstract
	1 Introduction
	2 Literature
		2.1 Fly Ash
		2.2 Plastic Waste
		2.3 Bottom Ash (BA)
	3 Conclusions
	References
64 Characterization of Shredded Waste Plastic on Warm Stone Mastic Asphalt
	Abstract
	1 Introduction
		1.1 General
		1.2 Stone Mastic Asphalt
	2 Objectives of the Present Study
	3 Methodology
	4 Materials Used
		4.1 Physical Properties of Aggregates
		4.2 Physical Properties of Bitumen
		4.3 Stabilizing Additive
		4.4 Warm Mix Additive
	5 Experimental Investigation
		5.1 Drain Down
		5.2 SMA Mix Design
		5.3 Determination of Lowered Mixing and Compaction Temperature
		5.4 Indirect Tensile Strength (ITS)
	6 Conclusions
	References
65 Comparative Study Between Proposed Rigid Pavement and Flexible Perpetual Pavement for Western Alignment of Pune Ring Road
	Abstract
	1 Introduction
		1.1 Objectives and Scope
	2 Alternative Perpetual Flexible Pavement Design
		2.1 Design Criteria for Perpetual Pavement
		2.2 Traffic Data
		2.3 Design of Four Combinations of Perpetual Pavement
	3 Construction Cost Calculation
	4 Life Cycle Cost Analysis
	5 Environmental Aspect with Respect to Emission of CO2
	6 Conclusions
	References
66 Urban Compatible Roads and Traffic Calming
	Abstract
	1 Introduction
	2 Redesign of Urban Roads
		2.1 Territories, Safety, Speed
		2.2 Example 1: From Separation to Shared Space
		2.3 Example 2: Road Design More Important Than Signs
	3 Speed Humps
		3.1 Types of Humps
		3.2 Experience of Korea
		3.3 Experience in Germany
			3.3.1 General Use of Humps
			3.3.2 Karlsruhe Living Lab with Long Humps
	4 Conclusion
	References
67 Development of Free-Flow Criteria for Divided Rural Highway: A Case Study
	Abstract
	1 Introduction
	2 Literature Review
	3 Data Collection
	4 Analysis and Results
		4.1 Relationship Between Speed and Headway
		4.2 Categorical Analysis
	5 Conclusions
	References
68 Use of Lime as Filler in Cold Mix Asphalt
	Abstract
	1 Introduction
	2 Material
	3 Experimental Plan
		3.1 Marshall Mix Design
		3.2 Retained Stability Test
		3.3 Indirect Tensile Strength (ITS) Test
	4 Results and Discussion
	5 Conclusion
	References
69 Experimental and Numerical Studies on FRC for Use in Dowel-Jointed Rigid Pavements
	Abstract
	1 Introduction
		1.1 Experimental Analysis
		1.2 Numerical Analysis
	2 Experimental Studies
		2.1 Materials
			2.1.1 Cement
			2.1.2 Aggregates
			2.1.3 Water
			2.1.4 Fibres
			2.1.5 Plasticizer
		2.2 Mix Design
		2.3 Specimens
		2.4 Laboratory Tests
			2.4.1 Tests on Standard Specimens
			2.4.2 Tests on Slab Specimens
	3 Numerical Analysis
		3.1 Modeling
		3.2 Real Constants
		3.3 Material Properties
		3.4 Meshing
		3.5 Boundary Conditions
		3.6 Loading
		3.7 Analysis
	4 Results
		4.1 Experimental Analysis Results
			4.1.1 Slump Test
			4.1.2 Compaction Test
			4.1.3 Compressive Strength
			4.1.4 Flexural Strength
			4.1.5 Split Tensile Strength
			4.1.6 Modulus of Elasticity
			4.1.7 Impact Strength
			4.1.8 Carbonation Depth
			4.1.9 Chloride Ion Penetration
			4.1.10 Sulphate Exposure
			4.1.11 Slab Test Results
		4.2 Numerical Analysis Results
			4.2.1 Deflections
			4.2.2 Discussions
	5 Conclusions
	References
70 Spatial Statistical Analysis of Traffic Accidents Using GIS and Python for Optimum Resource Allocation
	Abstract
	1 Introduction
	2 Methodology
		2.1 Study Area and Traffic Accident Data
		2.2 Kernel Density Estimation
		2.3 Feature Selection Using Python
	3 Conclusion
	References
71 3-D Geomodelling for Dam Site Characterization
	Abstract
	1 Introduction
	2 Literature Review
	3 Methodology—Modelling Process
	4 Case Study
	5 Geomodelling
	6 Validation of Geomodels
		6.1 Statistical Correlation
		6.2 Optical Correlation
	7 Geophysical Investigations
	8 Geomodelling Analysis for of Specific Geotechnical Domain
		8.1 Recovery and RQD% Variation Along Right Abutment
		8.2 Modelling Fracture Zones and Percolation Using Boolean Models
		8.3 Analysis for Unfavourable Lithology
	9 Recommendation for Grouting
	10 Tail Channel Erosion
	11 Conclusion
	12 Future Scope
	References
72 Comparison of Morphometric Parameters for Jonk Watershed Derived from Integrated Tool Developed in ArcGIS and QGIS Platform
	Abstract
	1 Introduction
	2 Study Area and Methodology
		2.1 Study Area
		2.2 Methodology
		2.3 Integrated Tools
	3 Results and Discussions
		3.1 Slope
		3.2 Drainage Density (DD)
		3.3 Stream Order
		3.4 Compound Topographic Index (CTI)
		3.5 Elongation Ratio
		3.6 Circulatory Ratio
		3.7 Form Factor
		3.8 Lemniscate’s (k) Ratio
	4 Conclusion
	References
73 Generation of Thematic Layers for Flood Hazard Zonation Along the Banks of Koyna River Near Patan
	Abstract
	1 Introduction
	2 Study Area Location
	3 Objectives
	4 Methodology
		4.1 Standard FCC of Study Area
		4.2 Base Map
		4.3 Interpolated Flood Level Map
		4.4 Flood Hazard Zonation Map (in Terms of Flood Levels in Metres)
	5 Interpretation and Analysis of GIS Layers
		5.1 Standard FCC of High-Resolution Map of Study Area
		5.2 IRS–1D PAN Data
		5.3 Digital Elevation Model
		5.4 Digitized Flood Level Segment Map
		5.5 Interpolated Flood Levels Map
		5.6 Flood Hazard Zonation Map (in Terms of Flood Levels)
	6 Conclusions
	References
74 Flood Hazard Mitigative Protection Measures Along the Banks of Koyna River Near Patan Based on Spatial Data
	Abstract
	1 Introduction
	2 Flood Hazard Map
	3 Vulnerability Aspect
	4 Study Area Location
	5 Reason of Flood in Koyna River Basin
	6 Problems Due to Flood in Koyna River Basin
		6.1 Erosion of Riverbanks
		6.2 Probability of Flash Flood
	7 Mitigative Recommendations
		7.1 Counterfort Retaining Wall
			7.1.1 Need of Counterfort Wall
			7.1.2 Structural Design
			7.1.3 Proposed Location of Counterfort Wall
		7.2 Gabion Wall
			7.2.1 Need of Gabion Wall
			7.2.2 Structural Design
			7.2.3 Location of Gabion Wall
		7.3 Protections for Buildings in Flood Prone Areas
		7.4 Kera River Dredging
			7.4.1 Need of Dredging
			7.4.2 The River Dredging Operation
			7.4.3 Advantages of Kera River Dredging
	8 Conclusion
	References
75 Optimization of the Location of Check Valve to Minimize the Water Hammer Effects in a Pipeline
	Abstract
	1 Introduction
	2 Water Hammer Equations
	3 Modelling of Check Valve
	4 Methodology
	5 Result and Analysis
		5.1 Case 1: Effect of Water Hammer Without Check Valve in the Pipeline
		5.2 Case 2: Effect of Water Hammer with Check Valve in the Pipeline
		5.3 Optimum Location of the Valve in Water Pipeline
	6 Conclusion
	References
76 Reduction in Live Storage Capacity of a Reservoir Due to Sedimentation Using Satellite Imageries
	Abstract
	1 Introduction
	2 Study Area
	3 Data Used
	4 Methodology
	5 Results and Discussion
	6 Conclusion
	Acknowledgements
	References
77 Application of Remote Sensing and GIS for Tidal Power Potential Assessment
	Abstract
	1 Introduction
		1.1 Objectives
		1.2 Scope of Project
	2 Literature Review
		2.1 La-Rance Tidal Power Station, France
		2.2 Gulf of Kutch, Gujarat, India
		2.3 Tidal Power Potential in India
	3 Overview and Methodology
	4 Location of the Proposed Tidal Power Project
	5 Satellite Data and Processing (ILWIS 3.3 Academic)
	6 Computation of Base Profile
	7 Power Requirement Estimated for year, 2050
		7.1 Population Projection
		7.2 Calculation of Energy Requirements
		7.3 Energy Generated Using Turbine
			7.3.1 Total no of Turbines that Can Be Placed According to the Design Adopted:
			7.3.2 Power Generated by Single Turbine
	8 Conclusion
	References
78 Rainfall Trend Anomalies Over Wainganga Basin, Central India
	Abstract
	1 Introduction
	2 Study Area
	3 Data and Methodology
		3.1 Mann–Kendall Test
		3.2 Sen’s Slope Estimator
		3.3 Spearman’s Rho Test
		3.4 Innovative Trend Analysis
	4 Result and Discussions
		4.1 Trend Observed for Monthly Rainfall Series
		4.2 Trend Observed for Maximum Rainfall Series
		4.3 Innovative Method of Trend Analysis
		4.4 Rainfall Data and Flood Frequency Analysis
	5 Conclusions
	Acknowledgements
	References
79 Steady and Unsteady Hydrodynamic Simulation of Pili River as a Potential Flood Warning System Using HEC-RAS
	Abstract
	1 Introduction
	2 Materials and Methods
		2.1 Study Area
		2.2 Steady-State Condition
		2.3 Unsteady-State Flow Condition
		2.4 Model Conceptualization and Simulation
	3 Results and Discussion
		3.1 1-D Steady-State Flow
			3.1.1 Water Surface Profiles
			3.1.2 Longitudinal Profiles
			3.1.3 Flood Lines
		3.2 1-D Unsteady-State Flow
			3.2.1 Water Surface Profiles
			3.2.2 Longitudinal Profiles
			3.2.3 Stage and Flow Hydrographs
		3.3 2-D Unsteady-State Flow
		3.4 Validation of the Simulated Results
	4 Conclusion
	Acknowledgments
	References
80 Performance Evaluation of Groundwater Recharge Infrastructure in Junewani Watershed, Nagpur, Maharashtra Using Spatial Approach
	Abstract
	1 Introduction
	2 Study Area
	3 Methodology
		3.1 Data Generation
		3.2 Modelling Steps
		3.3 Model Validation
			3.3.1 NDVI Map Generation
	4 Results
		4.1 Groundwater Modelling
		4.2 Time Series Analysis
		4.3 The Overall Groundwater Dynamics and Proposed Recharge
	5 Conclusions
	References
81 Assessment of Interbasin Water Transfer Using Geoinformatics Approach: A Case Study of Shivnath Basin, India
	Abstract
	1 Introduction
	2 Materials and Methods
		2.1 Study Area
		2.2 Data Source
		2.3 Geospatial Method
		2.4 Statistical Approach and Questionnaire Survey
	3 Results
		3.1 Change Detection Analysis
		3.2 Water Availability and Demand
		3.3 Socio-Economic Aspects Based on Questionnaire Survey
	4 Conclusions
	Appendix 1 (Questionnaire Survey)
	References
82 Application of Modified Penman Method for Assessment of Crop Water Requirement in Venna Basin, Maharashtra India
	Abstract
	1 Introduction
	2 Materials and Methods
		2.1 Study Area
		2.2 Input Data
		2.3 Material and Methods
	3 Result and Discussion
	4 Conclusions
	References
83 Development of IBWT-Based Common Drainage Broker Canal Network Towards Integrated Floodplain Management Across East-Flowing Rivers Region of India
	Abstract
	1 Introduction
	2 Materials and Methods
	3 Results and Discussion
	4 Conclusions
	Acknowledgements
	References
84 Integrated Use of Remote Sensing and GIS Techniques for the Assessment of Groundwater Potential Zone Using Multi-influencing Factors in Kulhan Watershed, Chhattisgarh, India
	Abstract
	1 Introduction
	2 Study Area
	3 Material and Method
	4 Objectives
	5 Methodology
		5.1 Drainage Density
		5.2 Geology
		5.3 Geomorphology
		5.4 Groundwater Depth
		5.5 Land Use and Land Cover (LULC)
		5.6 Lineament
		5.7 Rainfall
		5.8 Slope
		5.9 Soil
		5.10 Weighted Overlay
		5.11 Classification of Groundwater Potential Zones
		5.12 Validation with Borehole Yield Data
	6 Results and Discussion
	7 Conclusion
	References
85 Finite Element Analysis of Punching Shear in RC Column to Footing Connection Considering the Material Parameters
	Abstract
	1 Introduction
	2 Finite Element Modelling of Column to Footing Connection
	3 Application of Loads and Boundary Conditions
	4 Description of Column to Footing Connection Used in FE Modelling
	5 Validation of Finite Element Analysis Result
	6 Influence of Material Property in Punching Shear
		6.1 Concrete Compressive Strength
		6.2 Flexural Reinforcement Ratio
	7 Conclusions
	References
86 Effect of Tapered Flattened End Tubes of Various Thicknesses and Angles on Axial Compression Loading
	Abstract
	1 Introduction
	2 Analysis of Hollow Circular Tube in SAP 2000
	3 Loading on Tapered Flattened End Tube in ANSYS
	4 Analysis and Design (Capacity) of Tapered Flattened End Tube as Per Shear Stress Theory
	5 Analysis and Design of Tapered Flattened End Tube as Per Principal Stress Theory
	6 Results and Discussion
	7 Conclusion
	References
87 Performance Assessment of Coupled Dam-Foundation System for Recorded Seismic Excitations
	Abstract
	1 Introduction
	2 Numerical Simulation of Dam-Foundation System
		2.1 Material Properties of Dam and Foundation
	3 Ground Motions Selection
	4 Seismic Performance Evaluation
		4.1 Seismic Damage Indicators
		4.2 Investigation of Input Ground Motions Using Different Parameters
	5 Conclusions
	References
88 Development of Computer-Aided Educational Tool for Multi-Degree-Of-Freedom System
	Abstract
	1 Introduction
	2 Software Description
	3 Illustration of CALMDOF Tool
		3.1 Illustrative Example 1
		3.2 Illustrative Example 2
		3.3 Illustrative Example 3
	4 Conclusions
	References
89 Effect of Material Models on Dynamic Behavior of Reinforced Concrete Slabs Exposed to Blast Loading
	Abstract
	1 Introduction
	2 Three-Dimensional Finite Element (FE) Modeling and Model Geometry
		2.1 FE Modeling of Reinforced Concrete (RC) Slab
		2.2 Slab Geometry
	3 Material Model and Properties
		3.1 FE Modeling of Reinforced Concrete (RC) Slab
			3.1.1 Drucker–Prager (D–P) Material Model
			3.1.2 Cap Plasticity Material Model
			3.1.3 Simplified Concrete Damage Plasticity Model
			3.1.4 Concrete Damage Plasticity (CDP) Model
		3.2 Material Properties for Reinforcement Bars
	4 Results and Discussion
	5 Conclusions
	References
90 Structural Health Monitoring Using Multifractal Cross-correlation Analysis
	Abstract
	1 Introduction
	2 Methodology
		2.1 Algorithm of MFCCA
		2.2 Damage Index (DI)
	3 Model Structure and Numerical Modelling
		3.1 Numerical Modelling
	4 Results and Discussion
		4.1 Identification of Damage Location
		4.2 Computation of Damage Index
		4.3 Effect of Noise on Damage Location
	5 Conclusion and Future Scope
	References