Rational-Emotive and Cognitive-Behavioral Approaches to Child and Adolescent Mental Health: Theory, Practice, Research, Applications

Preface
Contents
Contributors
About the Editors
Part I: Foundations
	Chapter 1: Rational Emotive, Cognitive Behavioral Approaches to the Challenge of Child and Adolescent Mental Health
		History of Rational Emotive and Cognitive Behavioral Therapy with Children and Adolescents
		Theoretical Considerations in Applications of RE-CBT to Childhood Disorders
			REBT and CBT Developmental Model of Childhood Disorders
			Conceptualization of an Emotional Episode
			Hot and Cold Cognitions
			Defining Thoughts, Schemas, and Beliefs
			Distinctiveness of REBT and CBT in Clinical Work with Youth
			RE-CBT Model of Assessment and Treatment of Children and Adolescents
			Allied Cognitive Behavioral Theories
		The Future
		Test Yourself Questions
		References
	Chapter 2: The Current Status of Rational Emotive and Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (RE-CBT) Research with Children and Adolescents
		The Current Status of Rational Emotive and Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (RE-CBT) with Children and Adolescents
			Measurement of Beliefs and Thoughts
			Clinical Effectiveness of RE-CBT
			REBT in the Treatment of Clinical Problems
			Social-Emotional Learning and RE-CBT
		Conclusion
		Test Yourself Questions
		References
	Chapter 3: A Compendium of REBT Principles and Best Practices for Working with Children and Adolescents
		Know Your Theory
		Relationship Building
			Suggestions for Your First Session
		Assessment
			Methods and Techniques for Assessing Thinking
		Treatment
		Evaluation
		Conclusion
		Test Yourself
		Recommended REBT Readings for Mental Health Practitioners
	Chapter 4: Teaching REBT to Children and Adolescents: Creative Techniques that Work
		Self-Acceptance
			Techniques to Develop Self-Acceptance in Young Children
				Can Do, Can’t Do, Sort of Can Do
				Perfectly, Perfectly
			Techniques to Develop Self-Acceptance in Adolescents
				Don’t Soak It Up
				USA
		Emotions
			Techniques to Promote Emotional Development in Children
				Feel Wheel
				Adios, Anxiety
			Techniques to Promote Emotional Development in Adolescents
				Let It Go
				Depression Can Weigh You Down
		Beliefs and Behaviors
			Techniques to Promote Awareness of Beliefs and Behaviors in Children
				Choosing to Behave
				Fact Fling
			Techniques to Promote Awareness of Beliefs and Behaviors in Adolescents
				Chain Reaction
				I’m a Believer
			Techniques to Help Children Challenge Irrational Beliefs and Develop Problem-Solving Skills
				Race to Be Rational
				Search for Solutions
			Techniques to Help Adolescents Challenge Irrational Beliefs and Develop Problem-Solving Skills
				Up for the Challenge
				Picture This
			Techniques for Teaching the A-B-C Model to Children
				The A, B, C’s
			A-B-C Song (Tune: Now I Know My ABC’s)
				Think, Feel, Behave
			Techniques for Teaching the A-B-C Model to Adolescents
				Learning the A, B, C’s
				Change the Lens
		Homework
		Test Yourself
		References
	Chapter 5: Rational Emotive and Cognitive Behavioral Group Therapy with Children and Adolescents
		Rational Emotive and Cognitive Behavioral Therapy
		General Considerations in Group Therapy with Children and Adolescents
			Advantages
			Disadvantages
		RE and Cognitive Behavioral Approaches Applied to Child and Adolescent Groups
			REBT in Child and Adolescent Groups
				Some Distinctive Features of RE-CBT Groups
			General Guidelines for Forming RE-CBT Groups
			Types of RE-CBT Groups for Children and Adolescents
		Counseling/Therapy Groups
		Task-Oriented Groups
		Psycho-Education/Guidance Groups
		Engaging Children and Adolescents in Groups
		Assessment in RE-CBT Child and Adolescent Groups
		Standardized Batteries for Assessment
		General Cognitive Behavioral Assessment Guidelines
		Core Content in RE-CBT Groups with Children and Adolescents
		RE-CBT Group Research with Children and Adolescents
		Test Yourself Questions
		Appendix A: Pre-Group Contract for an REBT Group with Students
			Group Contract
		Appendix B: Emotion Log
		References
	Chapter 6: Rational Emotive and Cognitive Behavioral Therapy in Working with Parents
		Parental Affect, Parenting Behaviors, and Impact on Children
			Anger
			Anxiety
			Depression
			Child Disabilities/Chronic Illness
		Theory of Rational Emotive and Cognitive Behavioral Therapy
		Research on RE-CBT with Parents
		RE-CBT with Parents
		Parent Irrational Beliefs
			Demandingness
			Awfulizing
			Frustration intolerance
			Ratings of Worth
			Disputing/challenging
			Development of Rational Beliefs
			Special Considerations
		Summary
		Test Yourself Questions
		References
	Chapter 7: The Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy Approach to Working with Families
		Overview of the Rational Emotive Behavioral Approach to Family Therapy
		REBT-F in Practice
		REBT-F and Other Family-Based Therapies
		Evidence for REBT-F
		When to Use Family-Based Therapy
		Summary and Conclusion
		Test Yourself
		References
Part II: Childhood Disorders, Difficulties and Different Populations
	Chapter 8: RE-CBT in the Treatment of Anxiety, Fears, and Phobias Among Youth
		Chapter Overview
		Overview of Anxiety, Fears, and Phobias in Children and Adolescents
		Assessment and Diagnosis of Anxiety, Fears, and Phobias in Children and Adolescents
		Research on RE-CBT with Child and Adolescent Anxiety, Fears, and Phobias
		Developmental Considerations
		Best Practice Guidelines
		RE-CBT in the Treatment of Anxiety, Fears, and Phobias in Children and Adolescents
			Psychoeducation
			Relaxation Training
			Cognitive Restructuring
			Exposure to Feared Situations
		Case Study: The Case of Isabella
		Adaptation of RE-CBT in the Schools for Anxiety, Fears, and Phobias
		Questions
		References
	Chapter 9: REBT-CBT in the Treatment of Trauma Among Children and Adolescents
		Assessment and Diagnosis of PTSD
		Research on RE-CBT with Children and Adolescents with PTSD
		Developmental Considerations in Treating PTSD
		Best Practice Guidelines for Treating PTSD in Children and Adolescents
		RE-CBT in the Treatment of PTSD
		Theories of PE-A and TF-CBT
			PE-A and the Emotional Processing Theory of Fear
			TF-CBT Theoretical Framework
		Treatment Protocols
			TF-CBT Protocol
				Overview of the Components of Treatment of TF-CBT
			PE-A Protocol
		REBT Integrated Into Trauma-Focussed Interventions
		PTSD Case Study of PE-A Treatment of Adolescent
		Adaptation of RE-CBT in Schools for PTSD
		Test Yourself
		References
	Chapter 10: Depression in Children and Adolescents: RE-CBT Approaches to Assessment and Treatment
		Prevalence, Symptoms, and Related Disorders
			Symptoms of Depression
			Types of Depression
			Who Is Most Vulnerable?
		The REBT/CBT Perspective on the Etiology of Depression
		Developmental Considerations
		Research on RE-CBT with Depressed Children and Adolescents
		Best Practice Guidelines
		Assessment and Diagnosis
			Assessing Secondary Emotions
		Treatment
			RE-CBT Therapeutic Interventions
		Case Study
		Conclusion
		Test Yourself
		References
	Chapter 11: Self-Acceptance: REBT as the Psychological Armor that Protects Children and Adolescents
		Why Self-Acceptance in Young People Must Be Addressed
			Self-Acceptance in Young People: What It Looks Like
			The Pressure Is on Kids
			Research Facts
		Child Developmental Considerations
		Self-Acceptance Versus Self-Depreciation
		Research on Self-Acceptance
		Working 1:1
		Strategies for Disputing “Self-Downing”
		School-Home Practices for Strengthening Self-Acceptance in Young People
		Conclusion
		Test Yourself
		Appendix 1
			Child and Adolescent Survey of Self-Acceptance (Bernard, 2012)
		References
	Chapter 12: A Rational Emotive, Cognitive Behavioral Approach in Clinical Work with Suicidal and Non-suicidal Self-Injurious Behaviors Among Children and Adolescents
		Overview of Suicide and Self-Harm Behaviors
		Assessment of Suicide and Self-Harm Behaviors
			Assessment of Suicide
				Columbia Suicide Severity Rating Scale (C-SSRS)
				Linehan Risk Assessment and Management Protocol (L-RAMP)
			Assessment of NSSI
		Best Practice Guidelines in Suicide Risk Assessment in School Settings
		Treatment and Intervention for Suicidal and Self-Harm Behaviors
			RE-CBT Treatment and Intervention
				Assessment
				Intervention
				Family Sessions
		DBT Treatment and Intervention for Suicidality Among Youth
		Research on RE-CBT and DBT for Suicide and Self-Harm
			Research on RE-CBT for NSSI
			Research on the Effectiveness of DBT Among Youth Presenting with Suicidality
		Developmental Considerations in Applying RE-CBT and DBT
			RE-CBT Considerations
			DBT Considerations
		Adaptations of RE-CBT and DBT in Schools
			Re-CBT
			DBT in Schools
		Case Study
		Summary and Conclusion
		Test Yourself Questions
		References
	Chapter 13: Cognitive-Behavioral, Rational-Emotive Treatment of Childhood Anger and Conduct Problems
		Overview of Anger and Conduct Disorders
		Assessment and Diagnosis
		Research on CBT and RE-CBT with Youth with Anger and Conduct Problems
		Developmental Considerations
		Best Practice Guidelines
		RE-CBT and CBT in the Treatment of Anger and Conduct Problems
		Case Study
		Adaptation of CBT and RE-CBT in the Schools for Behavior Problem Children
		Test Yourself
		References
	Chapter 14: Rational-Emotive and Cognitive-Behavioral Treatment for Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder Among Youth
		Biological Origin of the Disorder: Primary Symptoms
		RE-CBT Conceptualization of the Secondary Symptoms Associated with ADHD
			Academic Underachievement
			Difficulties in Interpersonal Relationships
			Depression
		Assessment and Diagnosis of ADHD
		Research on RE-CBT with ADHD
		Developmental Considerations in Clinical Work with Students with ADHD
		Best Practice Guidelines in the Treatment of ADHD
			Pharmacological Treatments
			Behavioral Interventions
				Parenting Behavioral Training
				Classroom Behavioral Interventions
				Organizational Skills Training
				Peer-Based Interventions
		RE-CBT in the Treatment of ADHD
			Frustration Intolerance (FI)
			Self and Other Rating
			Demandingness Beliefs
			Awfulizing
		REBT-Based Interventions
			Cognitive Restructuring of Unhealthy Beliefs
			Use of Rational Self-Statements
			Cognitive-Behavioral Rehearsal/Role Play and Homework
		Case Study
		Description of Therapy Case
		Adaptation of RE-CBT in the Schools for ADHD
		Test Yourself
		References
	Chapter 15: RE-CBT in the Treatment of Autism Spectrum Disorder
		Overview of Autism Spectrum Disorder
		Diagnostic Progression and Assessment
		Research on REBT and CBT for Children with ASD
		Developmental Considerations When Using REBT and CBT
		Best Practices and Evidence-Based Therapies to Treat Core Features of ASD
		REBT and CBT in the Treatment of ASD and Anxiety and Disruptive Behavior
		Case Study
		Adaptation of REBT and CBT in the Schools for Children with ASD
		Test Yourself Questions
		References
	Chapter 16: Treatment of Sleep Disorders in Children and Adolescents: A Rational-Emotive, Cognitive-Behavioral Approach
		Defining Sleep, Sleep Problems, and the Impact on Functioning Among Youth
			Medical and Behavioral Sleep Problems
			Impact of Sleep Problems on Student Functioning
		Assessment and Diagnosis of Sleep Problems
		Research on RE-CBT in the Treatment of Sleep Problems
		Developmental Considerations in the Treatment of Sleep Problems Among Youth
		Best Practice Guidelines in the Treatment of Behavioral Sleep Problems Among Youth
		RE-CBT in the Treatment of Sleep Problems
			Cognitive Restructuring: Dispute, Debate, and Discuss
		Case Study: Jessica’s Insomnia (RE-CBT-Insomnia)
		Adaptation of RE-CBT for Sleep Problems in Schools
		Test Yourself Questions
		References
	Chapter 17: Using RE-CBT with Transgender and Gender-Expansive Children and Youth
		Overview
		Overview of Transgender and Gender-Expansive (TGGE) Youth and Introduction to Gender-Related Terms and Concepts
		Assessment and Diagnosis of Gender Dysphoria in Children and Youth
		Research on General CBT in Treating Gender Dysphoria in TGGE Youth
		Developmental Considerations
		Best Practice Guidelines for Treatment of Gender Dysphoria in TGGE Youth
		REBT for the Treatment of Gender Dysphoria in TGGE Youth
		Clinical Applications of REBT in Working with Transgender Children and Adolescents
			Unconditional Self-Acceptance (USA)
			The A-B-C Model and Rational Versus Irrational Beliefs
			Teaching the Difference Between Healthy and Unhealthy Negative Emotions
			Teaching TGGE Youth to Dispute Irrational Beliefs
		Case Study with Gender Dysphoria in TGGE Youth
			Brief Background and Diagnosis
			Treatment Plan
			Goals and Objectives of Treatment
				Diagnosis and Alliance with Client and Family
				Teach REBT Framework
				Progress Monitoring and Outcome Assessment
		Unconditional Other Acceptance: An Adaptation of RE-CBT in Schools System-Wide for TGGE Youth to Find Affirmation of Gender Diversity
		Conclusion
		Test Yourself Questions
		References
	Chapter 18: Rational Emotive, Cognitive Behavioral Therapy with Sexual Minority Youth
		Chapter Overview
		Historical Debates and Current Progress
		Diverse Sexual Orientations: Definitions, Prevalence, and Development
		Mental Health Disparities Among SMY
			Minority Stress Theory
		Application of RE/CBT: Current Research and Needs of SMY
		Best Practices in RE/CBT with SMY
			Developmental Considerations Working with SMY
			Navigating an Ethical Dilemma: Parental Disclosure
		Assessment with SMY
		RE/CBT for SMY
		Case Illustration
		Case Conceptualization
		Treatment Process
			Excerpt from Mid-session of Treatment
		RE-CBT Adaptation in School for SMY: Looking Ahead
		Conclusion
		Test Yourself
		References
	Chapter 19: Academic Procrastination and Educational Underachievement: How REBT Works
		Defining Educational Underachievement
		Different Types of Underachievers
		REBT Analysis of Academic Procrastination and Underachievement
		REBT for Combatting Educational Underachievement
		Developing Social-Emotional Strengths to Overcome Procrastination and Underachievement
		Test Yourself
		References
Part III: Applications
	Chapter 20: Rational Emotive Education as Social–Emotional Learning
		Implementing REE
			The Informal Approach
			Structured REE Lessons
				REE Concepts
				REE Lesson Plan Format
				Considerations in Implementing Lessons
				Sample REE Lessons
			REE Learning Centers
			Integration into the Curriculum
		You Can Do It! Education (youcandoiteducation.com.au)
		Teaching You Can Do It! Education
			Social–Emotional Learning Curricula
			The YCDI! Education Early Childhood Program Achieve (Children 3–6 Years Old)
			NEW Program Achieve Primary (Grades 1–6)
			NEW Program Achieve Primary (Grades 7–10)
			The Successful Mind at School, Work, and Life (Grades 9–12)
			The You Can Do It! Classroom: Integration of Social and Emotional Learning
				Step 1. Teach Students the Meaning of “Success” and “Well-Being”
				Step 2. Establish Students’ Understanding of the Goals of You Can Do It! Education
				Step 3. Discuss the Definition of the Social–Emotional Skill Being Taught
				Step 4. Identify Examples of Behaviors to be Practiced that Reflect Use of SEL Skill Being Taught
				Step 5. Teach the Attitudes/Self-Talk that Support the 5 Social and Emotional Skills
				Step 6. Use Behavior-specific Feedback to Acknowledge Students
			School-Wide Practices for Building Critical Mass
			Student Recognition Awards
			Helping Children and Adolescents Overcome Social-Emotional Difficulties
			Parent Education
		Conclusions
		Test Yourself
		References
	Chapter 21: REBT Coaching for Young People to Achieve Goals and Develop in Life
		Introduction
		Definitions, Forms, and Roles of Coaching Young People
		Differences Among Coaching, Counseling, and Therapy
		Coaching: A Milestone for Young People
		Rational-Emotive Behavior Coaching with Younger Populations: A Development-Focused Approach
		Common Problems and Barriers during Development-Focused REBC
		A Case of Development-Focused REBC in a 14-Year-Old Boy Who Wished to Flourish in Terms of Confidence and Getting Along
		Conclusion
		Test Yourself
		References
	Chapter 22: Rational Emotive Parent Education
		Overview of the Chapter
		Parenting
			The REBT Theory of Parenting
			How REBT Conceptualizes Parenting Styles
			Parent Education Programs
		Rational Parent Education
		SOS Help for Parents
		Rational Positive Parenting Program
		Advances in REBT Parent Education
		Conclusions
		“Test Yourself” Questions
		Appendix 1
			Parent Anger Scale
		Appendix 2
			Parent Rational and Irrational Beliefs Scale (P-RIBS)
			Part 1
			Part 2
		Appendix 3
		References
	Chapter 23: Teacher Stress Management Using Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy
		Factors Leading to Teacher Stress
			Teacher Demographics
			School Characteristics
				Student Behavior
				Workload and Working Conditions
				Accountability
				Perceptions of Support from Administration
		Consequences of Teacher Stress
		Irrational Beliefs and Teacher Stress
		The Use of REBT in School Consultation
			Therapeutic Alliance and Building Trust
			Assessing Teacher Emotions
			Assessing Antecedent Events
			Assessing Teacher Irrational Beliefs
				Low Frustration Tolerance (LFT)
				Self-Downing
				Authoritarian Attitudes Toward Students
				Attitudes Toward the School Organization
			Ending the Session
		REBT in Professional Development
		Future Directions for the Use of REBT with Teachers
		“Test Yourself” Questions
		References
	Chapter 24: Applications of Rational-Emotive and Cognitive-Behavior Technologies with Children and Adolescents
		Introduction
		Using Technology to Enhance REBT Interventions for Children and Adolescents
			Computer, Internet, and Mobile-Based Applications
				REThink Therapeutic Game (http://psychotherapy.psiedu.ubbcluj.ro/national-research-grants/the-rethink-online-therapeutic-game/)
				Online Rational Positive Parenting Program
			VR Applications
				Virtual Classroom Application for Children with ADHD
			Robotic-Based Applications
				Reducing Distress in Children Using Robo-RETMAN as a Robo-therapist
				Assessing and Restructuring Irrational Beliefs in Children with ASD Using a Robot-Mediator Approach
		Discussion: How to Integrate Technological Applications Into Practice
		Concluding Remarks
		Test Yourself
		References
Index