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دسته بندی: اقتصاد ویرایش: نویسندگان: Humphries M. سری: ناشر: سال نشر: تعداد صفحات: 31 زبان: English فرمت فایل : PDF (درصورت درخواست کاربر به PDF، EPUB یا AZW3 تبدیل می شود) حجم فایل: 619 کیلوبایت
کلمات کلیدی مربوط به کتاب عناصر نادر زمین: زنجیره تأمین جهانی: رشته های مالی و اقتصادی، اقتصاد جهانی، روابط اقتصادی بین المللی (IER)
در صورت تبدیل فایل کتاب Rare Earth Elements: The Global Supply Chain به فرمت های PDF، EPUB، AZW3، MOBI و یا DJVU می توانید به پشتیبان اطلاع دهید تا فایل مورد نظر را تبدیل نمایند.
توجه داشته باشید کتاب عناصر نادر زمین: زنجیره تأمین جهانی نسخه زبان اصلی می باشد و کتاب ترجمه شده به فارسی نمی باشد. وبسایت اینترنشنال لایبرری ارائه دهنده کتاب های زبان اصلی می باشد و هیچ گونه کتاب ترجمه شده یا نوشته شده به فارسی را ارائه نمی دهد.
Washington: CRS, 2012. 31 pages. Марк Хамфрис. Редкоземельные
элементы: глобальная цепь поставок. Отчёт (Report) R41347 на
англ. языке. Издатель – CRS (Congressional Research Service –
Исследовательская служба Конгресса США), – это группа
сотрудников Библиотеки Конгресса США (Library of Congress),
занимающихся исследовательской деятельностью по запросам
комитетов и отдельных членов этого законодательного органа. В
отчёте рассмотрены мировые ресурсы и поставки РЗЭ в масштабах
мировой экономики, что имеет геополитическое значение, т.к. их
использование связано с вопросами национальной безопасности,
«торговых войн» и т.п. Отчёт составлен для членов Конгресса
США, но также будет полезен преподавателям, аспирантам и
студентам, специализирующимся в области мировой экономики и
международных отношений. Резюме на английском языке приведено в
авторской редакции Марка Хамфриса.
Summary.
The concentration of production of rare earth elements (REEs)
outside the United States raises the important issue of supply
vulnerability. REEs are used for new energy technologies and
national security applications. Is the United States vulnerable
to supply disruptions of REEs? Are these elements essential to
U.S. national security and economic well-being? There are 17
rare earth elements (REEs), 15 within the chemical group called
lanthanides, plus yttrium and scandium. The lanthanides consist
of the following: lanthanum, cerium, praseodymium, neodymium,
promethium, samarium, europium, gadolinium, terbium,
dysprosium, holmium, erbium, thulium, ytterbium, and lutetium.
Rare earths are moderately abundant in the earth’s crust, some
even more abundant than copper, lead, gold, and platinum. While
more abundant than many other minerals, REEs are not
concentrated enough to make them easily exploitable
economically. The United States was once self-reliant in
domestically produced REEs, but over the past 15 years has
become 100% reliant on imports, primarily from China, because
of lower-cost operations. There is currently some new rare
earth mine production in the United States at Molycorp’s
Mountain Pass mine. U.S.-based Molycorp also operates a
separation plant at Mountain Pass, CA, and sells rare earth
concentrates and refined products from previously mined
above-ground stocks. Neodymium, praseodymium, and lanthanum
oxides are produced for further processing but these materials
are not turned into rare earth metal in the United States.
Molycorp anticipates production at full capacity (19,050 metric
tons) in the second half of 2012. Molycorp announced plans to
purchase Neo Materials Technology, a rare earth processor and
producer of permanent magnet powders with facilities in China
and establish a joint venture with Daido Steel and Mitsubishi
Corporation of Japan to produce neodymium-iron boron magnets in
Japan. Some of the major end uses for rare earth elements
include use in automotive catalytic converters, fluid cracking
catalysts in petroleum refining, phosphors in color television
and flat panel displays (cell phones, portable DVDs, and
laptops), permanent magnets and rechargeable batteries for
hybrid and electric vehicles, and generators for wind turbines,
and numerous medical devices. There are important defense
applications, such as jet fighter engines, missile guidance
systems, antimissile defense, and space-based satellites and
communication systems. World demand for rare earth elements is
estimated at 136,000 tons per year, with global production
around 133,600 tons in 2010. The difference is covered by
previously mined above-ground stocks. World demand is projected
to rise to at least 185,000 tons annually by 2015. Additional
mine capacity at Mt. Weld Australia is expected to come
onstream in 2012, to help close the raw materials gap in the
short term. Other new mining projects could easily take 10
years to reach production. In the long run, however, the USGS
expects that global reserves and undiscovered resources are
large enough to meet demand. In March 2012, the Obama
Administration announced the filing of a World Trade
Organization case against China, citing unfair trade practices
in rare earths. Several legislative proposals have been
introduced in the 112-th Congress in the House and Senate to
address the potential of U.S. supply vulnerability and to
support domestic production and supply chain development of
REEs because of their applications for national
security/defense systems and clean energy technologies. The
House Committee on Natural Resources approved H.R. 2011, the
National Strategic and Critical Minerals Policy Act of 2011, on
July 20, 2011. .
Contents.
Introduction.
What Are Rare Earth Elements?
Major End Uses and Applications.
Demand for Rare Earth Elements.
Rare Earth Oxide Prices.
The Application of Rare Earth Metals in National Defense.
Rare Earth Resources and Production Potential.
Supply Chain Issues.
Role of China.
Japan’s Interests.
Selected Possible Policy Options.
Research and Development.
Authorize and Appropriate Funding for a USGS Assessment.
Support and Encourage Greater Exploration for REE.
Challenge China on Its Export Policy.
Establish a Stockpile.
Hearings on Rare Earths and Related Legislation in the 112th
Congress.
Executive Branch Activities.
Department of Energy.
Department of the Interior.
Department of Defense.
Other Federal Agencies.
White House Office of Science and Technology Policy.
Appendix. Rare Earth-Related Legislation in the 112th Congress.