Rapid Ophthalmology

Content: Preface x     Acknowledgements xi     Abbreviations xii     About the companion website xiv     Basic anatomy and physiology     Osteology of the orbit 3     Orbital fissures 3     Superior orbital fissure 3     Inferior orbital fissure 3     Optic canal 3     The globe 3     Cornea 3     Anatomical terms 5     Retinal overview 6     Layers of the retina 6     Blood supply to the eye 7     Ciliary body and lens 7     Trabecular meshwork 7     Aqueous humour flow 7     Tears 8     Vitreous humour 8     Ocular muscles (origin / insertion / primary actions) 8     Superior rectus (SR) 8     Inferior rectus (IR) 8     Medial rectus (MR) 8     Lateral rectus (LR) 8     Superior oblique (SO) 9     Inferior oblique (IO) 9     The visual pathway 9     Pupillary reflexes 11     Direct and consensual light reflex 11     Accommodation 11     Pupil defects 12     Holmes-Adie pupil 12     Essential anisocoria 12     Argyll Robertson pupils 12     Horner   s syndrome 12     Cranial nerve III palsy (complete) 12     Relative afferent pupillary defect (RAPD) or Marcus Gunn pupil 12     Myopia hypermetropia and astigmatism 14     Ophthalmological assessment     History taking 17     Examination 17     Examination techniques 18     Colour vision 18     Pupil reflexes 18     Visual fields by confrontation 18     Eye movements 19     Objective structured clinical examination (OSCE) section 20     Visual acuity 20     Ophthalmoscopy 21     Differentials     Watery eye 25     Proptosis 25     Optic disc atrophy 25     Toxic optic neuropathy 25     Swollen optic discs 26     Ptosis 26     The red eye 26     Classic presentations of a red eye and associated conditions 26     Differentials     classified anatomically (from anterior to posterior) 27     Differential flow charts 27     Diseases     Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) dry 37     Age related macular degeneration wet  39     Amaurosis fugax 41     Amblyopia 43     Blepharitis 44     Cataract age-related 46     Cataract congenital 48     Cavernous sinus syndrome  49     Cellulitis orbital 51     Cellulitis preseptal 52     Chemical injury to the eye  53     Conjunctivitis bacterial and chlamydial 55     Conjunctivitis other (including ophthalmia neonatorum)  57     Allergic conjunctivitis 57     Ophthalmia neonatorum  57     Conjunctivitis viral 58     Cranial nerve III (CNIII) palsy  60     Cranial nerve IV (CNIV) palsy  62     Cranial nerve VI (CNVI) palsy  63     Cytomegalovirus (CMV) retinitis  65     Dacrocystitis  66     Diabetic retinopathy 67     Ectropion 69     Endophthalmitis  70     Entropion 71     Episcleritis 72     Exposure keratopathy 73     Eye trauma  74     Eyelid lacerations/cuts 74     Corneal foreign bodies 74     Corneal abrasion 74     Hyphaema 74     Iris mydriasis 74     Lens subluxation/dislocation 74     Vitreous haemorrhage 75     Retinal detachment 75     Traumatic optic neuropathy 75     Globe rupture/penetrating eye injury 75     Orbital fractures 75     Retrobulbar haemorrhage 75     Eye tumours  76     Primary choroidal melanoma 76     Secondary (metastatic) choroidal 76     Retinal haemangioma 76     Ocular non-Hodgkin lymphoma 76     Giant cell arteritis (GCA)  77     Wegener   s granulomatosis 78     Behc,et   s disease 78     Glaucoma acute primary angle-closure  79     Glaucoma chronic open angle 81     Herpes zoster ophthalmicus (HZO)  83     Horner   s syndrome  85     Hypertensive retinopathy 87     Keratitis bacterial  89     Keratitis herpetic  91     Keratoconjunctivitis sicca 93     Keratoconus 95     Lid lumps basal cell carcinoma 97     Lid lumps chalazion 99     Lid lumps other (benign) 100     Cyst of Zeiss 100     Cyst of Moll 100     Molluscum contagiosum 100     Stye (external hordeolum) 100     Squamous cell papilloma 100     Xanthelasma 100     Lid lumps other (malignant) 101     Squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) 101     Melanoma 101     Merkel cell carcinoma 101     Keratocanthoma 101     Migraine 102     Multiple sclerosis (MS) 104     Pinguecula 106     Posterior vitreous detachment (PVD) 107     Pterygium 108     Retinal artery occlusion  109     Retinal detachment  110     Retinal vein occulsion  112     Retinitis pigmentosa and other inherited retinal dystrophies 114     Retinitis pigmentosa 114     Albinism 114     Leber congenital amaurosis 114     Stargardt   s disease 114     Retinoblastoma  115     Retinopathy of prematurity (ROP)  117     Sarcoidosis (and Tuberculosis) 119     Note on tuberculosis (TB) 121     Scleritis 122     Squint (strabismus) childhood 124     Thyroid eye disease 126     Uveitis anterior  128     Uveitis intermediate  129     Uveitis posterior  130     Glossary 131     Index 133