Rainfall: State of the Science

Title Page
......Page 3
Copyright
......Page 4
CONTENTS......Page 5
Preface
......Page 7
1. Microphysics......Page 8
2. Measurement and Estimation......Page 9
3. Statistical Analyses......Page 10
References......Page 11
1. Introduction......Page 14
2. Background on Raindrop Fluid Dynamics......Page 15
3. Drop Shape......Page 17
4. Drop Oscillation......Page 19
5. Terminal Velocity......Page 23
6. Electrostatic Effects......Page 25
7. Experimental Techniques......Page 28
Appendix A Raindrop terminal velocity formulas......Page 30
References......Page 31
2. Basics......Page 36
3. Physical Description of Collisional Interaction of Drops......Page 39
4. Coagulation......Page 41
5. A Numerical Case Study......Page 46
7. Collision Kernels......Page 50
8. Summary......Page 52
References......Page 53
1. Introduction......Page 56
2. Representation of Collision-Induced Breakup in Models......Page 57
3. Measurements of RSDs......Page 60
References......Page 63
2. Rain Gauges......Page 68
3. Disdrometers......Page 76
4. Concluding Remarks......Page 81
References......Page 82
1.Introduction......Page 85
2. Foundations and Major Sources of Error in Radar Rainfall Estimation......Page 86
4.1 Sampling Geometry and Reflectivity Morphology......Page 88
4.3 Hardware and Beam Propagation......Page 93
5. Multisensor Rainfall Estimation......Page 95
5.3 Mean Field Bias Correction......Page 96
5.4 Mosaicking Rainfall Estimates From Multiple Radars......Page 99
5.6 Gauge-Only Analysis......Page 100
5.7 Radar-Gauge Analysis......Page 101
6.3 Parameter Estimation......Page 102
6.4 Reanalysis......Page 103
7. Conclusions......Page 104
References......Page 105
1. Introduction......Page 111
2. Rainfall Estimation Using Dual-Polarization Radar Measurements......Page 116
3. Gaps in Current Science and Recent Developments......Page 125
References......Page 128
1. Background......Page 132
2. Derivation of Quantitative Precipitation Retrieval Methodologies......Page 139
3. Applications......Page 149
4. Precipitation Product Comparisons and Validation......Page 151
5. Conclusion......Page 153
References......Page 155
2. Historical Development......Page 164
3. Spatial Precipitation Frequency......Page 166
5. Equations for IDF Curves......Page 168
6. Development of IDF Curves From Raw Data......Page 169
7. Precipitation Frequency Data Server......Page 170
8. Emerging Issues and Technologies......Page 171
References......Page 172
2. Data Requirements for HFA of Rainfall Data......Page 175
3. Statistical Distributions Used in Rainfall Frequency Analysis and Their Properties......Page 177
4. Parameter Estimating Methods......Page 180
5. Probability Plots, Goodness-of-fit Tests, and Criteria......Page 181
6. Nonstationary Rainfall Frequency Analysis......Page 182
7. Case study: Annual maximum precipitations in the randsburg station california and the southern oscillation index soi......Page 184
8. Bivariate Frequency Analysis  of Rainfall Events......Page 186
Notation......Page 188
References......Page 189
1. Introduction......Page 193
2. Data Sources......Page 198
3. Case Study: Bilogora......Page 204
4. Case Study: Italy......Page 210
5. Discussion and Conclusions......Page 215
References......Page 216
1. Introduction......Page 219
2. Stochastic Rainfall Generation......Page 220
3. Stochastic Rainfall Generation for Climate Change Conditions......Page 234
4. Concluding Remarks......Page 241
References......Page 242
1. Introduction......Page 251
2. Source-Specific Error Models......Page 252
3. Models for Total Error......Page 253
4. Ensemble Generation......Page 259
5. Uncertainty Propagation......Page 261
6. Open Questions......Page 263
7. Closing Remarks......Page 264
References......Page 265
1. Introduction......Page 269
3. Evaluation Metrics......Page 270
4. Error Models......Page 272
5. Hydrological Evaluation......Page 274
6. Special Issues: Which Satellite Rainfall Products Are Better?......Page 275
7. Conclusions......Page 277
References......Page 278
AGU Category Ind
ex......Page 280
Index
......Page 281