Railway Reform : Regulation of Freight Transport Markets.

""Table of Contents""
 ""Executive Summary: Principal Questions for Regulatory Reform and the Development of Rail Freight...""
 ""Introduction""
 ""Improving Quality of Service""
 ""Objectives of Regulatory Reform""
 ""Intrusiveness of Regulation""
 ""Competition and Consolidation""
 ""Infrastructure Access""
 ""Cross Subsidies""
 ""Infrastructure Charges""
 ""Ownership and Financing of Investment""
 ""Replicability of Models""
 ""Conclusions""
 ""Notes""
 ""Regulatory Reform and the Development of Rail Freight Markets""
 ""Regulatory issues""
 ""Introduction"" ""Trends in Regulatory Reform""""Economic Characteristics of the Railway Industry""
 ""Objectives of Regulatory Reform""
 ""Rail Industry Trends by Region""
 ""Figure 1. Freight Transport Modal Split (% of tonne-kilometres)""
 ""Figure 2. Index of Rail Freight Traffic (t-km) and Real GDP""
 ""EU Member States""
 ""Figure 3. Rail freight traffic in the 15 countries now forming the EU 1950-97 (billion t-km)""
 ""Figure 4. Length of rail lines and staffing levels in 15 countries now forming EU 1947-97""
 ""Central and Eastern Europe"" ""Figure 5. Rail freight traffic in Central and Eastern Europe 1965-97 (billion t-km)""""Figure 6. Rail staff in Central and Eastern Europe 1965-97 (thousands)""
 ""The United States""
 ""Figure 7. Performance of major railroads in the United States, 1964-1998""
 ""Railway Performance""
 ""Partial Productivity Measures for EU railways""
 ""Total Factor Productivity Analysis � North America and Australia""
 ""Rail Freight Markets and Regulation""
 ""Rail Industry Structure and Regulation""
 ""Table 1. Ownership, Separation of Infrastructure and Track Access for Selected Countries"" ""Monopoly""""Separation of Infrastructure""
 ""Competition""
 ""Alliances and Mergers""
 ""Impact of Passenger Transport on Rail Freight""
 ""Ownership""
 ""Inter-Modal Competition and Infrastructure Charges""
 ""Distortion of Competition""
 ""Market Failure and Infrastructure Charges""
 ""Cost recovery and Financial Issues""
 ""Other Aspects of the Regulation of Infrastructure Charges""
 ""Replicability of Models""
 ""Conclusions""
 ""Notes""
 ""Regulatory Reform in Selected Countries: Europe""
 ""Railway Reform in the European Union""
 ""The Need for Reform"" ""Impact of Directive 91/440/EEC""""Common Transport Policy and the Strategy for Revitalising the Community�s Railways""
 ""Interoperability""
 ""Amendments to Directives""
 ""Financial strengthening""
 ""Management independence""
 ""Separation of infrastructure""
 ""Access to infrastructure""
 ""Mergers""
 ""Impact of Amendments""
 ""Competition""
 ""Incumbent Railway Undertakings""
 ""Impact on Industry Structure""
 ""Size of Network and Rail Freight Service Offer""
 ""Infrastructure Management""
 ""Conclusions""
 ""Pricing of Infrastructure for Rail Freight in the EU Member States""